The Coming of the Third Reich (88 page)

40
Alfred Rosenberg,
Selected Writings
(ed. Robert Pois, London, 1970); Fest, The Face, 247-58; Walter Laqueur,
Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict
(London, 1965), 55-61, 116-17, 148-53; Adolf Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk 1941- 1944: His Private Conversations
(London, 1973 [1953]), 422-6; Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(London, 1967), esp. 187-237; Reinhard Bollmus, ‘Alfred Rosenberg: National Socialism’s “Chief Ideologue”’, in Smelser and Zitelman (eds.),
The Nazi Elite,
183-93; Robert Cecil,
The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology
(London, 1972). See also, more generally, Thomas Klepsch,
Nationalsozialistische Ideologie: Eine Beschreibung ihrer Struktur vor 1933
(Münster, 1990), and the excellent selection of extracts from a variety of Nazi ideologues in Barbara Miller Lane and Leila J. Rupp (eds.),
Nazi Ideology before 1933: A Documentation
(Manchester, 1978).

41
Hans Frank,
Im Angesicht des Galgens: Deutung Hitlers und seiner Zeit auf Grund eigner Erlebisse und Erkenntnisse
(2nd edn., Neuhaus, 1955 [1953]), no page, cited in Fest, The Face, 330, and ibid., 38-42, cited in Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 148; Christoph Klessmann, ‘Hans Frank: Party Jurist and Governor-General in Poland’, in Smelser and Zitelmann (eds.),
The Nazi Elite,
39-47.

42
Citing Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
108-12.

43
Dietrich Orlow,
The History of the Nazi Party,
I: 1919-1933 (Newton Abbot, 1971 [1969]), 11-37.

44
Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 160-65; Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
135-41.

45
Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 175-80; Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
142-61.

46
Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
145-6.

47
Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
127.

48
Hannover and Hannover-Drück,
Politiscbe Justiz,
105-44.

49
Kershaw, Hitler, I. 170-73; Peter Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone:
Ge
schichte der SA
(Munich, 1989), 9-32.

50
Conan Fischer, ‘Ernst Julius Röhm: Chief of Staff of the SA and Indispensable Outsider’, in Smelser and Zitelmann (eds.),
The Nazi Elite,
173-82.

51
Ernst Röhm,
Die Geschichte eines Hochverräters
(Munich, 1928), 9, 365-6; Fest,
The Face,
206, 518-19 (n. 9).

52
Röhm,
Die Geschichte,
363.

53
Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
142-83, for accounts of the growing violence of the Nazi movement in this period; Fischer, ‘Ernst Julius Rohm’, for details of Rohm’s uneasy relationship with Hitler.

54
Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 180-85.

55
Adrian Lyttelton,
The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy 1919-1929
(London, 1973), remains the classic account; Denis Mack Smith,
Mussolini
(London, 1981) is a scathing biography; Richard J. B. Bosworth,
Mussolini
(London, 2002) is a good recent life; Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
126-7 for the origins of the Nazi Party’s standards. For contacts and influences, see Klaus-Peter Hoepke,
Die deutsche Rechte und der italienische Faschismus: Ein Beitrag zum Selbstverständnis und zur Politik von Gruppen und Verbänden
der
deutschen Rechten
(Düsseldorf, 1968), esp. 186-94 and 292-5.

56
Amidst a vast and controversial literature, Stanley G. Payne, A
History of Fascism 1914-1945
(London, 1995), is the best general survey, and Kevin Passmore,
Fascism:
A
Very Short Introduction
(Oxford, 2002) the most useful brief account. Roger Griffin,
International Fascism - Theories, Causes and the New Consensus
(London, 1998), is an influential theoretical text; Kershaw,
The Nazi Dictatorship,
26-46, gives, as usual, a sensible and level-headed account of the historiography.

57
AT 567, 199, in Merkl,
Political Violence,
196-7.

58
AT 206, 379, ibid.; for an unusual angle on the Schlageter case, see Karl Radek, ‘Leo Schlageter: The Wanderer in the Void’, in Kaes
et al.
(eds.),
The Weimar Republic Sourcebook,
312-14 (originally ‘Leo Schlageter: Der Wanderer ins Nichts’, Die
Rote Fahne,
144 (26 June, 1923). For a detailed account of the ‘passive resistance‘, stressing its popular roots, see Fischer,
The Ruhr
Crisis, 84-181; for Schlageter’s background in the Free Corps, Waite,
Vanguard,
235-8; for the sabotage movement organized behind the scenes by the German army, Gerd Krüger, ‘“Ein Fanal des Widerstandes im Ruhrgebiet”: Das “Unternehmen Wesel” in der Osternacht des Jahres 1923. Hingergründe eines angeblichen “Husarenstreiches” ‘,
Mitteilungsblatt des Instituts für soziale Bewegungen,
4 (2000), 95-140.

59
Sander L. Gilman,
On Blackness without Blacks: Essays on the Image of the Black in Germany
(Boston, 1982).

60
AT 183, in Merkl,
Political Violence,
193.

61
Gisela Lebeltzer, ‘Der “Schwarze Schmach”: Vorurteile—Propaganda - Mythos‘,
Geschichte und Gesellschaft,
11 (1985),37-58; Keith Nelson, “‘The Black Horror on the Rhine”: Race as a Factor in Post-World War I Diplomacy‘,
Journal of Modern History,
42 (1970), 606-27; Sally Marks, ‘Black Watch on the Rhine: A Study in Propaganda, Prejudice and Prurience’,
European Studies Review,
13 (1983),
297-334.
For their eventual fate, see Reiner Pommerin,
‘Sterilisierung der Rheinlandbastarde’: Das Schicksal einer farbigen deutschen Minderbeit 1918 -
1937 (Düsseldorf, 1979).

62
Richard J. Evans, ‘Hans von Hentig and the Politics of German Criminology’, in Angelika Ebbinghaus and Karl Heinz Roth (eds.),
Grenzgänge: Deutsche Geschichte des
20.
Jahrhunderts im Spiegel von Publizistik, Rechtsprecbung und historischer Forschung(Lüneburg,
1999), 238-64.

63
Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 185-91; Georg Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr der Hitlerbewegung
1923 (Preussisch Oldendorf, 1975); Helmuth Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre und die Miinchner Gesellschaft 1919-1923’, VfZ 25 (1977), 1-45; Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
266-99; Ernst Hanfstaengl,
Zwischen Weissem und Braunem Haus: Memoiren eines politischen Aussenseiters
(Munich, 1970).

64
Hitler’s views can be found in Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk,
154-6. For an excellent account, see Robin Lenman, ‘Julius Streicher and the Origins of the NSDAP in Nuremberg, 1918-1923’, in Nicholls and Matthias (eds.),
German Democracy,
161-74 (the source for the opinion of Streicher’s verse). For a study. of the town’s brownshirts, see Eric G. Reiche,
The Development of the SA in Nürnberg, 1922-34
(Cambridge, 1986).

65
Anthony Nicholls, ‘Hitler and the Bavarian Background to National Socialism’, in idem and Matthias (eds.),
German Democracy,
111.

66
Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
295-318; for Ludendorff’s activities, see idem,
Putsch und Verbotszeit der Hitlerbewegung November 1923-Februar 1925
(Preussisch Oldendorf, 1977), 9-65.

67
Fest,
The Face,
113-29; Richard Overy,
Goering: The ‘Iron Man’
(London, 1984); Alfred Kube, ‘Hermann Goering: Second Man in the Third Reich’, in Smelser and Zitelmann (eds.), The Nazi Elite, 61-73, categorizes Goring as a ‘late-imperialist’ conservative; see also the same author’s Pour
le mérite und Hakenkreuz:
Hermann
Goering im Dritten
Reich (2nd edn., Munich, 1987 [1986]), 4-21; Stefan Martens,
Hermann Goering: ‘Erster
Paladin des
Führers’ und ‘Zweiter Mann im Reich’
(Paderborn, 1985), 15-19; Werner Maser,
Hermann Göring: Hitlers janusköpfiger Paladin: Die politische Biographie
(Berlin, 2000), 13-55.

68
Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
details the development of the Party in 1923. Harold J. Gordon,
Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch
(Princeton, 1972), provides an exhaustive account of the political background: see especially 25-184 (part I: ‘The Contenders in the Struggle for Power’). For the documentary record, see Ernst Deuerlein (ed.), Der
Hitler-Putsch: Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./9. November 1923
(Stuttgart, 1962), 153-308; more briefly in Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
184-202.

69
Karl Alexander von Müller, witness statement at Hitler’s trial, quoted in Deuerlein (ed.), Der
Aufstieg,
192-6.

70
Among many accounts of these events, see Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 205-12; Gordon,
Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch,
270-409; Franz-Willing,
Putsch und Verbotszeit,
66-141; Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Hitler-Putsch,
esp. 308-417, 487-515; selected documents translated in Noakes and Pridham (ed.),
Nazism,
I. 26-34. For Goring, see Maser,
Hermann Göring,
58-78.

71
Bernd Steger, ‘Der Hitlerprozess und Bayerns Verhältnis zum Reich 1923/24’,
VfZ
23 (1977), 441-66.

72
Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
203-230; Lothar Gruchmann and Reinhard Weber (eds.),
Der Hitler-Prozess 1924: Wortlaut der Hauptverhandlung vor dem Volksgericht München 1
(2 vols., Munich, 1997, 1999) for the complete transcript and judgment. See also Otto Gritschneider,
Bewährungsfrist für den Terroristen Adolf H.: Der Hitler-Putsch und die bayerische Justiz
(Munich, 1990), and idem,
Der Hitler-Prozess und sein Richter Georg Neithardt: Skandalurteil von 1924 ebnet Hitler den Weg
(Munich, 2001).

73
Quoted in Tyrell,
Führer befiehl,
67, translation in Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism,
I. 34-5 (slightly amended); Hitler’s complete statements in court in Jäckel and Kuhn (eds.),
Hitler,
1061-216; also Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
203-28.

74
See the account of its genesis and composition in Kershaw, Hitler, I. 240-53.

75
Hitler,
Mein Kampf, 307.

76
Ibid., 597-99. The centrality of these ideas to Hitler’s ‘world-view’ was established by Eberhard Jäckel, Hitler’s
Weltanschauung: A Blueprint for Power
(Middletown, Conn., 1972 [1969]).

77
Adolf Hitler,
Hitler’s
Secret Book (New York, 1961); Martin Broszat, ‘Betrachtungen zu “Hitlers Zweitem Buch”
VfZ
9 (1981), 417-29.

78
Werner Maser,
Hitlers Mein Kampf: Geschichte, Auszüge, Kommentare
(Munich, 1966), provides details of the book, its composition and its fate; Hermann Hammer, ‘Die deutschen Ausgaben von Hitlers “Mein Kampf”’,
VfZ
4 (1956), 161-78, covers its publishing history. The view that Hitler was a power-hungry opportunist with no consistent aims was central to Alan Bullock’s classic biography,
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
(London, 1953); the argument for consistency was first put by Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Mind of Adolf Hitler’, in Hitler,
Hitler’s Table
Talk, vii-xxxv. The vagaries of Hitler’s foreign policy, and its underlying goals, are analysed in Geoffrey Stoakes,
Hitler and the Quest for. World Dominion
(Leamington Spa, 1987).

79
Longerich, Der
ungescbriebene Befehl,
37-9.

80
Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 218-19, 223-4, 250-53; Broszat,
Der Staat Hitlers,
13-16.

81
Kershaw,
Hitler,
I. 224-34. For a detailed account of the Nazi Party in the aftermath of the trial and imprisonment of its leader, see Franz-Willing,
Putsch und Verbotszeit,
162-185.

82
Donald Cameron Watt, ‘Die bayerischen Bemühungen um Ausweisung Hitlers 1924’, VfZ 6 (1958), 270-80. See, more generally, David Jablonsky,
The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotszeit 1923-1925
(London, 1989), and Deuerlein (ed.),
Der Aufstieg,
231-54.

83
Deuerlein (ed),
Der Aufstieg,
245.