Read The Defence of the Realm Online
Authors: Christopher Andrew
20
 Security Service Archives.
21
 Security Service Archives.
22
 The Security Service Act of 1989 did not alter this important distinction between the Security Service and the other intelligence agencies. Security Service Archives.
23
 Bower,
Perfect English
Spy,
pp. 137
â
8
.
24
 Security Service Archives.
25
 Sir David Maxwell Fyfe to the Prime Minister, 25 June 1953, Home Office Archives. The other members of the committee were Sir Frank Newsam, Sir William Strang, Sir Norman Brook, Sir Harold Parker, General Sir Nevil Brownjohn and Sir Thomas Padmore.
26
 Home Office Archives.
27
 Home Office Archives.
28
 Bower,
Perfect English Spy
,
p. 138
.
29
 Trevor-Roper, âThe man who put intelligence into spying',
Sunday Telegraph
(Review section), 9 April 1995.
30
 J. L. Garbutt to Sir David Maxwell Fyfe, 15 July 1953, Home Office Archives.
31
 Security Service Archives. On the D-Notice Committee, see the official history by Nicholas Wilkinson,
Secrecy and the Media
.
32
 After leaving Blenheim Palace in the autumn of 1945, a majority of the Service had moved to unsuitable temporary accommodation in Princes Gate. The DG, A and B Divisions remained in St James's Street.
33
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
34
 These figures do not include Security Control personnel at the ports, whose numbers continued to increase throughout the war: from 357 in September 1939 to 942 in May 1943 to 621 (plus 39 ATS) in April 1945.
Security Service
,
pp. 323
â
4
,
373
.
35
 Security Service Archives.
36
 Security Service Archives.
37
 Security Service Archives.
38
 Security Service Archives.
39
 Home Office Archives.
41
 Home Office Archives.
42
 Home Office Archives.
43
 Home Office Archives.
44
 Home Office Archives.
45
 Home Office Archives.
46
 Home Office Archives.
47
 Home Office Archives.
48
 Security Service Archives.
49
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
50
 Andrew,
For the President's Eyes Only
,
pp. 292
â
6
.
51
 Recollections of former Security Service officers.
52
 Security Service Archives.
53
 Ministry of Defence War Book, Appendix D, Aug. 1963, TNA DEFE 2/225; cited by Hennessy,
Secret State
,
pp. 177
â
80
. Christopher Andrew visited the bunker on 10 September 2008.
54
 Hennessy,
Secret State
, ch. 5.
56
 See below, Section D, ch. 10.
57
 The Legal Adviser, Bernard Sheldon, among others, considered FJ âmuch the clearest brain of the whole lot'. Recollections of former Security Service officers.
58
 Home Office Archives.
59
 Security Service Archives.
60
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
61
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
62
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
64
 Security Service Archives.
66
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
67
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
68
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
69
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
71
 Security Service Archives.
72
 Security Service Archives.
73
 On the 1931 reorganization, see above,
p. 129
.
74
 Security Service Archives.
75
 Even Peter Wright, who regarded Bagot as âslightly touched', acknowledged her âextraordinary memory for facts and files'; Wright,
Spycatcher
,
pp. 37
â
8
.
76
 A former Security Service officer later recalled: âIn E1, under Milicent Bagot, I studied the activities of some international Communist front organisations in the UK. I was less happy here because of the dominant and possessive personality of Milicent, who seemed more concerned with form and detail, rather than content, and could also be rather rude to her officers.' Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
77
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
78
 The letter of appointment of the future DG John Jones appears to have been typical. He was told: âYou may like to know that the employment in question is pensionable, subject to a probationary period of two years, but it involves an obligation to serve anywhere in the Commonwealth for tours of three or four years each, amounting in all to between a quarter and a third of your total service.' Security Service Archives. In fact, Jones spent one year in Hong Kong, four and a half years in Singapore and three years at British Services Security Organization: a total of eight and a half years abroad out of thirty years' service, the predicted quarter to a third of his career.
79
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
80
 On Weldsmith, see above,
p. 888 n. 97
.
81
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
82
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
83
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
84
 Security Service Archives.
85
 Security Service Archives.
86
 Security Service Archives.
87
 Security Service Archives.
88
 How large the minority was is disputed. Ms Rimington acknowledges: âMaybe it was not as bad as I remember. I was very low down in the hierarchy and from low down you often get a very partial view of what is going on.' Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 101
â
2
.
89
 Personal memoir by his brother.
90
 Recollections of former Security Service officers.
91
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
92
 Recollections of former Security Service officers.
93
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
94
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
95
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
96
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
98
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 96
.
99
 Though A4 came in theory under the control of the Senior Officer in charge of A1, in practice it remained largely autonomous.
100
 Security Service Archives.
101
 Security Service Archives. By the later Cold War the word âwatcher' was regarded as rather demeaning and had passed out of Service vocabulary.
102
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
103
 Security Service Archives.
104
 Security Service Archives.
106
 Security Service Archives. The unconvincing reason given for the refusal to promote Skardon was that he was not equipped to occupy the full range of posts to which Service officers might be appointed.
107
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer. Security Service Archives. Wright,
Spycatcher
,
p. 45
.
108
 Wright,
Spycatcher
,
p. 44
. Security Service Archives.
109
 Security Service Archives.
110
 Security Service Archives.
111
 Guy Liddell diary, 23 Jan. 1950, Security Service Archives.
112
 Security Service Archives.
113
 Wright,
Spycatcher
,
pp. 47
â
8
.
114
 Security Service Archives.
115
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer. Security Service Archives. Wright,
Spycatcher
,
pp. 39
â
41
.
116
 Security Service Archives.
117
 Cram made this assessment in a detailed discussion with Christopher Andrew after the US publication of
Spycatcher
in 1987.
119
 Security Service Archives.
121
 Security Service Archives.
122
 Wright,
Spycatcher
,
p. 169
.
123
 Though A5 advised on and supervised the production of operational equipment, the manufacturing work was undertaken by external suppliers.
124
 Security Service Archives.
125
 Security Service Archives.
126
 Security Service Archives.
127
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
128
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
129
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 102
â
3
.
130
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
131
 Security Service Archives. The five-year restriction was removed in 1975 as a result of the Sex Discrimination Act.
132
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
133
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
134
 âThe Report of the Committee on the Civil Service', Cmnd 3638 (1968).
135
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
136
 Security Service Archives.
Chapter 1: Counter-Espionage and Soviet Penetration: Igor Gouzenko and Kim Philby
1
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
pp. 183
â
5
.
2
 See below, Section D, ch. 3.
3
 The large literature on the Gouzenko case includes Bothwell and Granatstein (eds),
Gouzenko Transcripts;
Granatstein and Stafford,
Spy Wars
, ch. 3; Hyde,
Atom Bomb Spies
, chs 1, 2; Sawatsky,
Gouzenko: The Untold Story;
Brook-Shepherd,
Storm Birds
, ch. 21; Black and Rudner (eds),
Gouzenko Affair
. Christopher Andrew interviewed Mrs Gouzenko and her daughter (both of whom lived under assumed names) in Toronto in November 1991. The account of the Gouzenko case in this chapter draws on Andrew and Walton, âThe Gouzenko Case and British Secret Intelligence'.
5
 Security Service Archives.
6
 Hyde,
Atom Bomb Spies
,
p. 30
.
7
 The most recent assessment is Black and Rudner (eds),
Gouzenko Affair
.
8
 âMiscellaneous notes taken from Grant's safe, telegram from Moscow to Ottawa, 22 Aug. 1945', TNA KV 2/1427, s. 105a.
9
 Alan Nunn May had first come to the attention of the Security Service in February 1938 when, as a representative of the British Association of Scientific Workers to the World Boycott Conference in London, he was noticed attending a âCommunist Party fraction meeting' outside the main conference; TNA KV 2/2209. There is no further record of him in Service files until after Gouzenko's revelations in 1945.
10
 Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
,
p. 326
.
12
 Cecil, âThe Cambridge Comintern',
p. 179
.
13
 Philby,
My Silent War
,
p. 102
.
14
 Borovik,
The Philby Files
,
p. 239
.
15
 The most reliable account of Volkov's attempted defection is in Brook-Shepherd,
Storm Birds
,
pp. 40
â
53
, which corrects a number of inventions and inaccuracies in Philby's version of events.