Read The Defence of the Realm Online
Authors: Christopher Andrew
55
 Andrew, âBritish View of Security and Intelligence'.
56
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
57
 Andrew, âBritish View of Security and Intelligence'. Christopher Andrew took part in the Ditchley Conference.
SECTION F: AFTER THE COLD WAR
Chapter 1: The Transformation of the Security Service
1
 Security Service Archives.
2
 Major,
Autobiography
,
p. 432
.
3
 âLord Butler, the man who will investigate',
Guardian
, 4 Feb. 2004.
4
 Security Service Archives.
5
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
6
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 220
.
7
 Security Service Archives.
8
 Security Service Archives.
9
 Security Service Archives.
10
 Security Service Archives.
11
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 223
.
12
 Security Service Archives.
13
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander. Security Service Archives.
14
 Security Service Archives.
15
 Security Service Archives.
16
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
17
 Security Service Archives.
18
 Security Service Archives.
19
 Security Service Archives.
20
 Security Service Archives.
21
 From 1985 to 1996 the Service had two DDGs: for Administration (DDG(A)) and for Operations (DDG(O)).
22
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 241
. Rimington remembers Walker telling her she was to be DG âshortly before Christmas' 1991. However, Walker must have passed on the news a few weeks earlier since in late November he informed the Home Office PUS, Sir Clive Whitmore, that he had discussed with Rimington who was to replace her as DDG(A). On 3 December Walker told Whitmore that he had told the DDG(O) of Rimington's appointment as DG and âhe had taken it well'. Security Service Archives; Home Office Archives.
23
 Home Office Archives.
24
 Recollections of Dame Stella Rimington.
26
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 222
â
3
.
27
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
28
 Recollections of Dame Stella Rimington.
29
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 241
â
3
.
30
 Christopher Andrew, interview with Dame Stella Rimington,
The Times
, 17 Sept. 2001.
31
 Ibid. Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 245
â
6
.
32
 Lowri Turner, âSuccess and the Dowdy Englishwoman',
Evening Standard
, 6 Jan. 1993.
33
 Christopher Andrew, interview with Dame Stella Rimington,
The Times
, 17 Sept. 2001.
34
 Undated cutting from the
Sun
. Home Office Archives.
35
 Security Service Archives.
36
 Security Service Archives.
37
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
38
 Security Service Archives.
39
 Security Service Archives.
40
 Home Office Archives.
41
 Security Service Archives.
42
 In her Annual Report a year later, Rimington claimed that âThe launch of the booklet about the Security Service in July 1993 marked a substantial, and I believe successful, development in our strategy to gain greater public understanding of and support for the Service and its work.' Security Service Archives.
43
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 254
â
5
.
44
 Security Service Annual Report 1993â94. See below,
p. 777
.
45
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 256
.
46
 Security Service Archives. By agreement with the Home Office, however, Rimington did not set up a public press department.
47
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 257
and illustrations.
48
 Richard Norton-Taylor, âThe Slick Spymaster',
Guardian
, 20 June 1994.
49
 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007. On the origins of the ISC, see above,
pp. 755
,
768
.
50
 Security Service Archives.
51
 Security Service Archives.
52
 Interview by Christopher Andrew with Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller, 3 April 2007.
54
 Security Service Archives.
55
 Security Service Archives.
56
 Security Service Archives.
57
 Recollections of Jonathan Evans.
58
 Security Service Archives.
59
 Security Service Archives.
60
 Security Service Archives.
61
 When William Waldegrave became chief secretary of the Treasury in 1995 (a post he continued to hold until the Labour election victory two years later), budget negotiation became less confrontational. Rimington found him interested and well informed about the intelligence community. Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 226
â
7
.
62
 H Branch in 1994 took over the former responsibilities of the Registry and information management of S Branch, which was wound up. See
Appendix 3
. It was abolished in 1997, a year after Lander became DG.
63
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
64
 Security Service Archives.
65
 Interview with Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller, 3 April 2007.
66
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
67
 Security Service Archives.
68
 Security Service Archives.
69
 The 68 per cent response rate was rated âunusually high for a staff survey of this kind'; 40 per cent, it reported, was âcommon for organisational surveys'. Security Service Archives.
70
 Security Service Archives.
71
 Security Service Archives.
72
 Security Service Archives.
73
 Security Service Archives.
76
 Security Service Archives.
77
 Taylor,
Brits
,
pp. 178
â
9
. See above,
pp. 625
,
646
.
78
 Major,
Autobiography
,
pp. 444
â
7
.
79
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
80
 Security Service Archives.
81
 Security Service Archives.
82
 Security Service Archives.
83
 Security Service Archives.
84
 Security Service Archives.
85
 Security Service Archives.
86
 Security Service Archives.
87
 Security Service Archives.
88
 Security Service Archives.
89
 Security Service Archives.
90
 Security Service Archives.
91
 Security Service Archives.
92
 Security Service Archives.
93
 Security Service Archives.
94
 Security Service Archives.
95
 Security Service Archives.
96
 See above,
pp. 684
,
700
,
708
.
97
 Security Service Archives.
98
 Security Service Archives.
99
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander. On 13 July 1995 Director D noted that the Home Secretary had accepted that the Service has âa significant role . . . in working with the law enforcement agencies on organised crime: drugs are the key issue and the Service's role must include this subject.' Security Service Archives.
100
 Security Service Archives.
101
 Interview by Christopher Andrew with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
102
 Interview with Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller, 3 April 2007.
103
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
104
 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
105
 Security Service Archives.
106
 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
107
 Security Service Archives.
108
 Security Service Archives.
109
 Ferris,
Ferris Conspiracy
,
p. 234
.
110
 Security Service Archives.
111
 Security Service Archives.
112
 Ferris,
Ferris Conspiracy
,
p. 234
.
113
 Security Service Archives.
114
 Ferris was released on parole in January 2002 after serving four years of his jail term. He was sent back to jail four months later for breaching the terms of his parole. âFrom crime fact to crime fiction', BBC News, 18 April 2002. âFerris heads back to jail', BBC News, 3 May 2002.
115
 Security Service Archives.
116
 Security Service Archives.
118
 Security Service Archives.
119
 Security Service Archives. What most shocked management was that 12 per cent of respondents reported incidents of harassment and bullying. Though informed that the average figure in staff surveys was of the order of 15 per cent, management regarded 12 per cent as unacceptable. (Security Service Archives. Recollections of a former Security Service officer.) A series of initiatives followed to address the complaints made by staff. The next survey three years later showed both a significant improvement in morale and a drop of over 50 per cent in reports of harassment and bullying. (See below,
p. 808
.)
120
 Security Service Archives.
122
 Security Service Archives.
123
 Security Service Archives.
124
 Security Service Archives.
125
 Security Service Archives.
126
 Security Service Archives.
127
 Security Service Archives. In 1994â5, admittedly a period of low recruitment, because of budget cutbacks, of eighty-one new entrants almost half (thirty-nine) were personally recommended by existing staff members. Security Service Archives.
128
 Security Service Archives.
129
 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
130
 Security Service Annual Report 1997â8.
131
 On this attack, see above,
p. 783
.
132
 Security Service Archives.
133
 Campbell,
Blair Years
,
pp. 230
â
31
.
134
 Memo by Sir Stephen Lander, 30 Aug. 2007.
135
 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
136
 Security Service Archives.
137
 Recollections of a senior civil servant.
138
 Security Service Archives.
139
 Security Service Archives.
141
 Security Service Archives.
142
 Security Service Archives. In her final meeting with the Home Secretary on 20 March 1996, Rimington reported that âwe thought that there were about 20 Active Service Unit (ASU) members on the mainland at present; that we had identified 10 of these and knew broadly where they were. We were working on the others.' Security Service Archives.
143
 Security Service Archives.
144
 Security Service Archives.
145
 Security Service Archives.
146
 On Crawley, see above,
p. 704
.
147
 Security Service Archives.
148
 McGladdery,
Provisional IRA in England
,
p. 205
.
149
 Security Service Archives.
150
 Security Service Archives.
151
 Security Service Archives.