The Forest Unseen: A Year's Watch in Nature (33 page)

Sarah Vance supported this project with great generosity and insight. Her scientific critiques, editorial advice, and practical assistance with the preparation of the manuscript not only made the book possible but greatly increased its quality.

This book is a celebration of the life of forests, and so I will donate at least half my author’s proceeds to projects that benefit forest conservation.

Preface

Bentley, G. E., ed. 2005.
William Blake: Selected Poems
. London: Penguin.

January 1st—Partnerships

Giles, H. A., trans. and ed. 1926.
Chuang Tz
. 2nd ed., reprint 1980. London: Unwin Paperbacks.

Hale, M. E. 1983.
The Biology of Lichens
. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold.

Hanelt, B., and J. Janovy. 1999. “The life cycle of a horsehair worm,
Gordius robustus
(Nematomorpha: Gordioidea).”
Journal of Parasitology
85: 139–41.

Hanelt, B., L. E. Grother, and J. Janovy. 2001. “Physid snails as sentinels of freshwater nematomorphs.”
Journal of Parasitology
87: 1049–53.

Nash, T. H., III, ed. 1996.
Lichen Biology
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Purvis, W. 2000.
Lichens
. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Rivera, M. C., and J. A. Lake. 2004. “The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes.”
Nature
431:152–55.

Thomas, F., A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, G. Martin, C. Manu, P. Durand, and F. Renaud. 2002. “Do hairworms (Nematomorpha) manipulate the water seeking behaviour of their terrestrial hosts?”
Journal of Evolutionary Biology
15: 356–61.

January 17th—Kepler’s Gift

Kepler, J. 1966.
The Six-Cornered Snowflake
. 1661. Translation and commentary by C. Hardie, B. J. Mason, and L. L. Whyte. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Libbrecht, K. G. 1999. “A Snow Crystal Primer.” Pasadena: California Institute of Technology.
www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/primer/primer.htm
.

Meinel, C. 1988. “Early seventeenth-century atomism: theory, epistemology, and the insufficiency of experiment.”
Isis
79: 68–103.

January 21st—The Experiment

Cimprich, D. A., and T. C. Grubb. 1994. “Consequences for Carolina Chickadees of foraging with Tufted Titmice in winter.”
Ecology
75: 1615–25.

Cooper, S. J., and D. L. Swanson. 1994. “Seasonal acclimatization of thermoregulation in the Black-capped Chickadee.”
Condor
96: 638–46.

Doherty, P. F., J. B. Williams, and T. C. Grubb. 2001. “Field metabolism and water flux of Carolina Chickadees during breeding and nonbreeding seasons: A test of the ‘peak-demand’ and ‘reallocation’ hypotheses.”
Condor
103: 370–75.

Gill, F. B. 2007.
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. 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.

Grubb, T. C., Jr., and V. V. Pravasudov. 1994. “Tufted Titmouse (
Baeolophus
bicolor
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Honkavaara, J., M. Koivula, E. Korpimäki, H. Siitari, and J. Viitala. 2002. “Ultraviolet vision and foraging in terrestrial vertebrates.”
Oikos
98: 505–11.

Karasov, W. H., M. C. Brittingham, and S. A. Temple. 1992. “Daily energy and expenditure by Black-capped Chickadees (
Parus atricapillus
) in winter.”
Auk
109: 393–95.

Marchand, P. J. 1991.
Life in the Cold
. 2nd ed. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Mostrom, A. M., R. L. Curry, and B. Lohr. 2002. “Carolina Chickadee (
Poecile carolinensis
).” The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.636.

Norberg, R. A. 1978. “Energy content of some spiders and insects on branches of spruce (
Picea abies
) in winter: prey of certain passerine birds.”
Oikos
31: 222–29.

Pravosudov, V. V., T. C. Grubb, P. F. Doherty, C. L. Bronson, E. V. Pravosudova, and A. S. Dolby. 1999. “Social dominance and energy reserves in wintering woodland birds.”
Condor
101: 880–84.

Saarela, S., B. Klapper, and G. Heldmaier. 1995. “Daily rhythm of oxygen-consumption and thermoregulatory responses in some European winter-acclimatized or summer-acclimatized finches at different ambient-temperatures.”
Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systems, and Environmental Physiology
165: 366–76.

Swanson, D. L., and E. T. Liknes. 2006. “A comparative analysis of thermogenic capacity and cold tolerance in small birds.”
Journal of Experimental Biology
209: 466–74.

Whittow, G. C., ed. 2000.
Sturkie’s Avian Physiology
. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press.

January 30th—Winter Plants

Fenner, M., and K. Thompson. 2005.
The Ecology of Seeds
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lambers, H., F. S. Chapin, and T. L. Pons. 1998.
Plant Physiological Ecology
. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Sakai, A., and W. Larcher. 1987. 
Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress
. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Taiz, L., and E. Zeiger. 2002.
Plant Physiology
. 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

February 2nd—Footprints

Allen, J. A. 1877.
History of the American Bison
. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior.

Barlow, C. 2001. “Anachronistic fruits and the ghosts who haunt them.”
Arnoldia
61: 14–21.

Clarke, R. T. J., and T. Bauchop, eds. 1977.
Microbial Ecology of the Gut
. New York: Academic Press.

Delcourt, H. R., and P. A. Delcourt. 2000. “Eastern deciduous forests.” In
North American Terrestrial Vegetation
, 2nd ed., edited by M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, 357–95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gill, J. L., J. W. Williams, S. T. Jackson, K. B. Lininger, and G. S. Robinson. 2009. “Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America.”
Science
326: 1100–1103.

Graham, R. W. 2003. “Pleistocene tapir from Hill Top Cave, Trigg County, Kentucky, and a review of Plio-Pleistocene tapirs of North America and their paleoecology.” In
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, edited by B. W. Schubert, J. I. Mead, and R. W. Graham, 87–118. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Harriot, T. 1588.
A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia.
Reprint, 1972. New York: Dover Publications.

Hicks, D. J., and B. F. Chabot. 1985. “Deciduous forest.” In
Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities
, edited by B. F. Chabot and H. A. Mooney, 257–77. New York: Chapman and Hall.

Hobson, P. N., ed. 1988.
The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem
. Barking, UK: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Lange, I. M. 2002.
Ice Age Mammals of North America: A Guide to the Big, the Hairy, and the Bizarre
. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press.

Martin, P. S., and R. G. Klein. 1984.
Quaternary Extinctions
. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

McDonald, H. G. 2003. “Sloth remains from North American caves and associated karst features.” In
Ice Age Cave Faunas of North America
, edited by B. W. Schubert, J. I. Mead, and R. W. Graham, 1–16. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Salley, A. S., ed. 1911.
Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650–1708
. New York: Scribner’s Sons.

February 16th—Moss

Bateman, R. M., P. R. Crane, W. A. DiMichele, P. R. Kendrick, N. P. Rowe, T. Speck, and W. E. Stein. 1998. “Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation.”
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
29: 263–92.

Conrad, H. S. 1956.
How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts
. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.

Goffinet, B., and A. J. Shaw, eds. 2009.
Bryophyte Biology
. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Qiu, Y.-L., L. Li, B. Wang, Z. Chen, V. Knoop, M. Groth-Malonek, O. Dombrovska, J. Lee, L. Kent, J. Rest, G. F. Estabrook, T. A. Hendry, D. W. Taylor, C. M. Testa, M. Ambros,
B. Crandall-Stotler, R. J. Duff, M. Stech, W. Frey, D. Quandt, and C. C. Davis. 2006. “The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
103: 15511–16.

Qiu Y.-L., L. B. Li, B. Wang, Z. D. Chen, O. Dombrovska, J. J. Lee, L. Kent, R. Q. Li, R. W. Jobson, T. A. Hendry, D. W. Taylor, C. M. Testa, and M. Ambros. 2007. “A nonflowering land plant phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of seven chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes.”
International Journal of
Plant Sciences
168: 691–708.

Richardson, D. H. S. 1981.
The Biology of Mosses
. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

February 28th—Salamander

Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1994.
Biology of Amphibians
. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Milanovich, J. R., W. E. Peterman, N. P. Nibbelink, and J. C. Maerz. 2010. “Projected loss of a salamander diversity hotspot as a consequence of projected global climate change.”
PLoS ONE
5: e12189. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012189.

Petranka, J. W. 1998.
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. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Petranka, J. W., M. E. Eldridge, and K. E. Haley. 1993. “Effects of timber harvesting on Southern Appalachian salamanders.”
Conservation Biology
7: 363–70.

Ruben, J. A., and A. J. Boucot. 1989. “The origin of the lungless salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae).”
American Naturalist
134: 161–69.

Stebbins, R. C., and N. W. Cohen. 1995.
A Natural History of Amphibians
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Vieites, D. R., M.-S. Min, and D. B. Wake. 2007. “Rapid diversification and dispersal during periods of global warming by plethodontid salamanders.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
104: 19903–7.

March 13th—
Hepatica

Bennett, B. C. 2007. “Doctrine of Signatures: an explanation of medicinal plant discovery or dissemination of knowledge?”
Economic Botany
61: 246–55.

Hartman, F. 1929.
The Life and Doctrine of Jacob Boehme
. New York: Macoy.

McGrew, R. E. 1985.
Encyclopedia of Medical History
. New York: McGraw-Hill.

March 13th—Snails

Chase, R. 2002.
Behavior and Its Neural Control in Gastropod Molluscs
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

March 25th—Spring Ephemerals

Choe, J. C., and B. J. Crespi. 1997.
The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Curran, C. H. 1965.
The Families and Genera of North American
Diptera. Woodhaven, NY: Henry Tripp.

Motten, A. F. 1986. “Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower community of a temperate deciduous forest.”
Ecological Monographs
56: 21–42.

Sun, G., Q. Ji, D. L. Dilcher, S. Zheng, K. C. Nixon, and X. Wang. 2002. “Archaefructaceae, a new basal Angiosperm family.”
Science
296: 899–904.

Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff. 1999.
The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals
. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

April 2nd—Chainsaw

Duffy, D. C., and A. J. Meier. 1992. “Do Appalachian herbaceous understories ever recover from clear-cutting?”
Conservation Biology
6: 196–201.

Haskell, D. G., J. P. Evans, and N. W. Pelkey. 2006. “Depauperate avifauna in plantations compared to forests and exurban areas.”
PLoS ONE
1: e63. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000063.

Meier, A. J., S. P. Bratton, and D. C. Duffy. 1995. “Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal-herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forests.”
Ecological Applications
5: 935–46.

Perez-Garcia, J., B. Lippke, J. Comnick, and C. Manriquez. 2005. “An assessment of carbon pools, storage, and wood products market substitution using life-cycle analysis results.”
Wood and Fiber Science
37: 140–48.

Prestemon, J. P., and R. C. Abt. 2002. “Timber products supply and demand.” Chap. 13 in
Southern Forest Resource Assessment
, edited by D. N. Wear and J. G. Greis. General Technical Report SRS-53, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Asheville, NC: Forest Service, Southern Research Station.

Scharai-Rad, M., and J. Welling. 2002. “Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
www.fao.org/docrep/004/y3609e/y3609e00.HTM
.

Yarnell, S. 1998.
The Southern Appalachians: A History of the Landscape
. General Technical Report SRS-18, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Asheville, NC: Forest Service, Southern Research Station.