The Friar of Carcassonne (2 page)

A
NGELO
C
LARENO
(1247–1337). Franciscan. Leader of the Spirituals. Exiled at various times to Armenia, Greece, and remote Italian provinces. Argued for the Spirituals at the Council of Vienne (1311–12). Witness to Bernard Délicieux's arrest in Avignon in 1317.

*A
RNAUD
G
ARSIE.
Wealthy lawyer. Consul of Albi in 1302 and 1303. Of a heretical family. Ally of Bernard Délicieux. Attended audience at Senlis in 1301, disputation at Toulouse in 1304. Testified against Délicieux in 1319. Imprisoned in 1319, bought his freedom from the Wall in 1325.

A
RNAUD DE
V
ILANOVA
(1235–1311). Prominent Catalan physician, alchemist, oenologist, scientist, and Arabist. Translator of Avicenna and Galen. Friend of Bernard Délicieux. Supporter of the Spiritual Franciscans. Suspected, along with Délicieux, of using black magic to kill Pope Benedict XI in 1304.

*B
ENEDICT
XI.
Pope. Born Niccolò Boccasini in Treviso in 1240. Pontificate 1303–4. Dominican scholar. Called for arrest of Bernard Délicieux. Pressured by Nogaret to annul anti-French bulls of his predecessor (Boniface VIII). Imprisoned Arnaud de Vilanova. Sudden death a source of suspicion.

*B
ERNARD DE
C
ASTANET.
Bishop of Albi from 1276 to 1308 (d. 1317). Fearless autocrat. Sponsor of inquisition. Builder of the Cathedral of Ste. Cécile. As cardinal at the Avignon curia, drew up charges against Bernard Délicieux in 1317.

*B
ERNARD
DÉLICIEUX
(circa 1265–1320). Franciscan. The Friar of Carcassonne.

*BERNARD GUI
(1261–1331). Dominican. Prolific memoirist of the unrest in Languedoc. Inquisitor at Toulouse from 1307 to 1324. Author of influential inquisitor's manual. Drew up the second, more exhaustive list of charges against Bernard Délicieux for the trial of 1319 in Carcassonne. Strong advocate for the canonization of Thomas Aquinas, which came to pass in 1324.

*B
ERNARD
S
AISSET.
Bishop of Pamiers from 1295 to his death in 1314. Arrested in 1301 for sedition by royal agents Jean de Picquigny and Richard Leneveu. Temporary incarceration led to royal-papal dispute culminating in the Outrage of Anagni. Found shelter in Rome, then reassigned to Pamiers.

*B
ONIFACE
VIII.
Pope. Born Benedetto Caetani in Anagni circa 1235. Pontificate 1294–1303. Imperious pope of the Jubilee. Acceded to the papacy after counseling his predecessor (Celestine) to abdicate and then imprisoning him. Hated for this reason by the Spiritual Franciscans. Abrasive, brilliant believer in a maximalist monarchical papacy. Engaged in furious fight with Philip the Fair over jurisdiction that culminated in the Outrage of Anagni in 1303. Vilified by Guillaume de Nogaret, who called for him to be posthumously tried.

*C
ASTEL
FABRE
(d. 1278). Wealthy burgher of Carcassonne, treasurer of the royal seneschal, cause célèbre. Attempt to convict him posthumously of heresy in 1300 thwarted by Bernard Délicieux. Eventually convicted, disinterred, and burned in 1319, amid accusations by the Dominicans that the Franciscans deliberately jumbled his bones with those of others.

C
ELESTINE
V.
Pope. Born Pietro del Morrone in Molise circa 1210. Pontificate July–December 1294. Ascetic holy hermit whose followers (later called Celestines) had links to the Spiritual Franciscans. Viewed as “angel pope” in subsequent Spiritual apocalyptic prophecy. Abdicated papacy after proving too unworldly for the position. Died imprisoned by his successor, Boniface VIII. Canonized by Clement V in 1313.

*C
LEMENT
V.
Pope. Born Bertrand de Got in Villandraut, Gironde, circa 1260. Pontificate 1305–14. Moved the papacy to Avignon. Succumbed to humiliating French pressure to approve the dissolution and trial of the Templars at the Council of Vienne (1311–12). Equitable in his approach to inquisition and the Spiritual Franciscans. Supporter of missionary work, founded chairs of Oriental languages at Paris, Oxford, Bologna, and Salamanca. Notorious for his lavish nepotism.

D
OMINGO DE
G
UZMÁN
(1170–1221). St. Dominic. Founder of the Order of Friars Preachers, the Dominicans.

D
URAND DE
C
HAMPAGNE.
Franciscan. Confessor of Queen Joan of France. Influential ally of Bernard Délicieux. Author of a widely read “courtesy” book for princesses,
Speculum dominarum
(French
Le miroir
des dames
).

*F
ERRAN OF
M
AJORCA
(1278–1316). Third son of King Jaume II of Majorca. Warrior. Intended monarch of a new Kingdom of Languedoc. Later Lord of Catania (Sicily). Died in battle trying to secure control of the Principality of Achaea (the Peloponnese).

*F
OULQUES DE
S
AINT
-G
EORGES.
Dominican. Inquisitor at Carcassonne and at Toulouse. Ambushed at the Franciscan convent in the Bourg in 1299. Accused of abuse and depravity at Senlis in 1301. Forced out of office the following year by an angry Philip the Fair.

F
REDERICK
II
(1194–1250).
Stupor Mundi
. Germanic emperor, ruled from his multicultural court in Palermo. Important figure whose fame reverberated well down into Bernard's day. Enemy of the papacy, prophetic figure in Joachite and Spiritual literature, in his lifetime often called the Antichrist.

*GEOFFROY D
'
ABLIS.
Dominican. Inquisitor at Carcassonne from 1303 until his death in 1316. Attempt in 1303 to quell unrest at Carcassonne backfired and led to rioting. Discovered and prosecuted the Autier revival of Catharism.

G
ILLES
A
YCELIN.
Archbishop of Narbonne from 1290 to 1311 (d. 1318). Of the influential Aycelin de Montaigu family of the Auvergne. As king's prelate, arbitrated in favor of Jean de Picquigny over Foulques de Saint-Georges in Senlis and held Bernard Saisset in custody on behalf of the king in 1301; in 1303, favored bringing Pope Boniface to Paris for trial; in 1304, laid out the king's position to Bernard Délicieux at the disputation of Toulouse. Later archbishop of Rouen and investigator of the Templars for Pope Clement V.

*G
IOVANNI
F
RANCESCO DI
B
ERNARDONE
(1181–1226). St. Francis of Assisi. Founder of the Order of Friars Minor, the Franciscans.

G
REGORY
IX.
Pope. Born Ugolino di Segni in Anagni circa 1155. Pontificate 1227–41. Religious and energetic, favored the development of the mendicants. Canonized Francis in 1228, Dominic in 1234. Founded the papal inquisition, conferring it on the Dominicans. Set up the university in Toulouse, 1233. Pontificate marked by sharp conflict with Frederick II (
Stupor Mundi
).

G
UI
S
ICRE.
Prominent consul of Carcassonne in the 1290s. Signatory to the accord of 1299, which he subsequently kept hidden until 1303. Raced to Toulouse in 1303 to alert the inquisitor of Bernard Délicieux's incendiary sermon. Testified against Délicieux in 1319.

*G
UILLAUME DE
N
OGARET
(1260–1313). Succeeded Pierre Flote as the principal councillor of King Philip the Fair. Present at the Outrage of Anagni in 1303, for which he was excommunicated. Excommunication lifted in 1311 in exchange for resolving his campaign of vilification against the late Pope Boniface VIII. Mastermind of the suppression of the Knights Templar and other brutal royal policies.

*H
ÉLIE
P
ATRICE
(d. 1305). Shadowy figure. Effective leader of the Bourg of Carcassonne 1303–5, powerful ally of Bernard Délicieux. Hanged for high treason.

I
NNOCENT
II.
Pope. Born Lotario dei Conti di Segni at Anagni circa 1160. Pontificate 1198–1216. Made pope at age thirty-seven, a brilliant, capable ruler, arguably the greatest pope of the Middle Ages. Preached the Fourth Crusade of 1204. Set in motion the Albigensian Crusade in 1209. Presided over the important Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Tireless legislator. Far-seeing, gave his approval to the mendicant initiatives of Dominic and Francis.

I
NNOCENT
IV.
Pope. Born Sinibaldo Fieschi in Genoa circa 1195. Pontificate 1243–54. Authorized torture in inquisition. Papacy almost entirely taken up by quarrel with Frederick II (
Stupor Mundi
) and his Hohenstaufen succession. Preached St. Louis's Seventh Crusade. Sent several emissaries to the Mongols in hope of alliance against Islam.

J
ACQUES DE
C
HÂTILLON
(d. 1302). Philip the Fair's haughty viceroy in Flanders. Unsuccessful in quelling rebellion in Bruges. Died at the Battle of the Golden Spurs.

*J
ACQUES
F
OURNIER.
Bishop of Pamiers from 1317 to 1326. Gifted and relentless inquisitor. Judge at trial of Bernard Délicieux in 1319. Captured Guillaume Bélibaste, last Cathar Good Man of Languedoc in 1321. Became the third Avignon pope, Benedict XII (pontificate: 1334–42). Began the building of the Palais des Papes.

J
AUME
II.
Lord of Montpellier and king of Majorca, his capital Perpignan. Born 1243, reigned 1276–1311. Uncovered the plot to attach Languedoc to his kingdom. Created the irrigation systems to make the Roussillon a fertile cornucopia. Opened consulates in Muslim world. Ally of France. Cousin to kings of Aragon.

J
EAN D
'A
UNAY.
Royal seneschal of Carcassonne from 1305 to 1309. Uncovered the plot to switch southern allegiance from the Capetians of France to Prince Ferran of Majorca. Tortured, tried, and hanged the lay conspirators. Dismissed in 1309 on charges of corruption and venality.

*J
EAN DE
P
ICQUIGNY
(d. 1304). Noble of Amiens, experienced courtier. Royal
réformateurenquêteur
(viceroy-investigator) of Languedoc. Arrested Bishop Bernard Saisset in 1301; subsequently became a strong supporter of Bernard Délicieux and freed the prisoners from the Wall in 1303. Died an excommunicate in Perugia.

J
EAN
G
ALAND.
Dominican. Inquisitor at Carcassonne from 1278 to 1286. Compiler of controversial inquisition registers, which, he claimed, heretical citizens had plotted to steal. Active at Albi (1286) with Bishop de Castanet and the Dominican Guillaume de Saint-Seine, who succeeded him as inquisitor at Carcassonne (1286–1293).

*J
OAN OF
N
AVARRE.
Joan I, queen of France; b. 1273, r. 1285–1305. Wife of Philip the Fair. Sympathetic to the cause of Bernard Délicieux. Mother of three kings of France, Louis X (“the Stubborn”), r. 1314–16, Philip V (“the Tall”), r. 1316–22, and Charles IV (“the Fair”), r. 1322–28, and of one queen of England, Isabella (“the She-Wolf of France”), wife of Edward II, r. 1308–30, d. 1358.

*J
OHN
XXII.
Pope. Born Jacques Duèse in Cahors circa 1245. Pontificate 1316–34. Second Avignon pope. Able administrator and organizer. Had Bernard Délicieux arrested in 1317 and tried in 1319. Declared Spiritual Franciscans heretics. Attacked Conventual Franciscan poverty as well, creating a powerful opposition that included William of Occam and Marsilius of Padua. Spiritual Franciscan Pietro Rainalducci crowned ephemeral antipope Nicholas V (1328) in opposition to John's tumultuous pontificate.

L
OUIS
IX.
“Saint Louis.” King of France; b. 1214, r. 1226–70. Grandfather of Philip the Fair. Able administrator, dogged crusader (Seventh and Eighth Crusades), pious monarch, canonized 1297 by Boniface VIII. Built the Wall at Carcassonne. Patron of the arts in France's glittering thirteenth century; had the Sainte-Chapelle constructed in Paris.

M
ONETA OF
C
REMONA
(circa 1180–1238). Dominican. Philosophy professor at Bologna turned influential friar in the fight against heresy. Author of five-volume treatise,
Adversus catharos et valdenses
. In other works, a vehement proponent of a Christianity of fear and the virtues of persecution.

*N
ICOLAS D
'A
BBEVILLE.
Dominican. Inquisitor at Carcassonne from mid-1290s until 1303. Negotiated the accord of 1299 with the consuls of the Bourg. Prosecutor of the controversial inquisition at Albi in 1300 with Bishop de Castanet. Outwitted by Bernard Délicieux in the Castel Fabre affair.

N
ICOLAS DE
F
RÉAUVILLE
(1250–1323). Dominican. Confessor of King Philip the Fair. Refused admission to the king's presence following Bernard Délicieux's presentation at Senlis in 1301. Accused at the 1304 disputation in Toulouse of spying for the Flemish. Principal inquisitor in the trials of the Templars. Subsequently powerful cardinal, nearly elected to succeed Clement V as pope.

P
EIRE
A
UTIER
(circa 1245–1310). Notary of Ax in the Pyrenees turned Cathar Good Man late in life. Voyaged to Italy in the late 1290s to receive instruction and the
consolamentum
. Returned to Languedoc in 1300, recruited a dozen other Good Men to lead the last revival of Catharism there. Burned at the stake in Toulouse, April 10, 1310.

*P
EIRE
P
ROS.
Prominent citizen of Castres. Royal judge. Of possible heretical background, a ringleader of the anti-inquisitorial movement directed by Bernard Délicieux. Present at Senlis in 1301, during the king's visit to Languedoc in 1304, and as a hostile witness to Délicieux at the trial of 1319. Eventually bought his freedom from the Wall in 1325.