The General and the Jaguar (53 page)

138 gave her lotion: Wallace and Verna Crawford, “Maud Wright’s Experiences”; copy provided to the author by Johnnie Wright.

138 Lemmon: The discovery of the diary and its contents is described in a series of affidavits from Roy Johnson, Leo Lemmon,
and S. H. McCullough, and the extract of a report written by E. B. Stone, and found in U.S. and Mexican Claims Commissions,
Copies of Memorials and Briefs, box 17. The diary entries are short and consist mainly of brief notations stating where the
troops were on various days.

139 portmanteau: The receipts for various expenditures were kept by Villa’s secretary and were in the large portmanteau
found on the streets of Columbus. They are in the National Archives under RG 94, AGO, Doc. No. 2377632.

139 “I attach importance”: Letter, George Carothers to Secretary of State, March 11, 1916, McKinney claim.

140 “He is crazy”: Letter, George Carothers to General Scott, March 13, 1916, Scott papers, LC.

140 Seven Villistas: E. B. Stone, “Villista Activities: Attack on Columbus,” March 19, 1916, NARA, RG 94, AGO, No. 2377632.
This is Stone’s most complete report. Portions of the report are found in numerous other places, including many of the claim
files of the townspeople. According to this report, the seven captured Villistas were Jesús Paez, Juan Sánchez, Antonio Miranda,
Elías Meras, Leno Ruiz, Lieutenant Isabel Chávez, and Captain Pablo García. Of these seven raiders, only Jesús Paez and Juan
Sánchez, who had a minor flesh wound, survived. In a later list prepared by the Luna County district attorney’s office, Isabel
Chávez is deleted from this list and a Y. Saville appears. It’s possible that they were one and the same person (memorandum,
“Report of Villistas Brought to Deming, New Mexico, March 15th, 1916, after Raid, March 9th, 1916,” NARA, RG 395, Punitive
Expeditions to Mexico, Chief of Staff, box 2-E).

140 Jesús Paez: Jesús’s story varied greatly and should be viewed with caution. One of the captured Villistas, Francisco
Solís, for example, years later said that Jesús was actually a resident of Columbus and shot by the Americans as he fled his
house (Calzadíaz Barrera, “El Ataque a Columbus,” 33). When Jesús testified before Albert Fall’s Senate committee, he said
that his father had been a boss at the Quintas Carolinas ranch, owned by Luis Terrazas, and that he had joined Villa’s men
because Carrancista soldiers wanted to kill him. However, when the boy was recuperating from his wound in the hospital, he
told his interpreter that Villa and his men appeared at his father’s ranch one morning and ordered the older man to accompany
them.

140 boy as a witness: Telegram, Stone to Barnes, March 10, 1916, included in Stone’s report on Columbus raid.

141 “Only one Mexican store”: “Brief Account of the Villa Attack,”
CC,
March 24, 1916.

141 “Local old-timers”: William E. Cobb, “An American Woman for Each” (Columbus Historical Society, n.d.), Braddy papers,
UTEP.

141 martial law: E. B. Stone, “Villista Activities: Attack on Columbus,” March 19, 1916, NARA, RG 94, AGO, Doc. No. 2377632.

142 “have not been heard from”: Ibid. According to Stone, those rounded up included Pablo Sánchez; Tomás Gardea; two brothers,
José H. and Jesús Casillos; Florencio and Carlo Pacheco, father and son; Victoriano Lloya; Hidado Vavel; Jacinto Flores; Doroteo
Acevedo; and José María Rueda.

142 Marcus immediately rounded up: Letter, Marcus M. Marshall to Father, March 12, 1916, Scott papers, LC.

142 “We counted eleven”: Letter, Marcus M. Marshall to Father, March 12, 1916, Scott papers, LC.

143 “The past two nights”: Ibid.

143 “Most of our Mexicans”: Perrow G. Mosely to Sister and All, March 13, 1916,
Southwesterner,
April 1963, B9-10, NMSRCA and Dean collection.

143 “All Mexicans”: “Brief Account of the Villa Attack,”
CC,
March 24, 1916.

143 “All peaceful as”: This telegram was sent to General Funston at 2:00 p.m. on March 9, but due to a mix-up in the telegraph
office, did not reach him until after midnight. The telegrams can be found in NARA, RG 94, AGO, Doc. No. 2377632 and Doc.
No. 2212358. Several also reprinted in
PWW,
37:281.

144 “Just get out”: Peterson and Knoles,
Pancho Villa,
220; Knoles and Peterson, “I Could Have Saved Columbus,” 56. In the microfilm records of A. B. Fall at UNM there is also
a document entitled “List of Disinterested Witnesses in re the Columbus Raid.” Next to Favela’s name is the handwritten note:
“Juan Favela notified Col. Slocum & his adjutant about the approaching raid and was told to ‘mind his business.’”

144 “Down here”: Statement, Mary Slocum, February [actually March] 14, 1916, Scott papers, box 22, LC.

144 his son, Ted: Letter, Ted to General Scott, March 10, 1916, Scott papers, LC.

144 “The blame for the”: Letter, Marshall Marcus to Father, March 12, 1916, Scott papers, LC.

145 “On the face”: Letter, General Funston to General Scott, March 24, 1916, Scott papers, LC.

145 “You have seen from the papers”: “Extract from Letter Received by Me,” in “Investigation of Raid.” A copy also available
in Scott papers, LC.

145 fifty-thousand-dollar reward: “Funston Wants to Use Railroad,”
NYT,
March 18, 1916.

146 order an investigation: Scott,
Some Memories of a Soldier,
521.

146 “Hints of carelessness”: “Scandal to Be Aired in Columbus Probe,”
RMN,
March 30, 1916.

146 “nerve specialist”: Letter, Laura Ritchie to A. B. Fall, February 9, 1920, Fall microfilm records, UNM.

146 “invasion, insurrection”: Affidavit, Laura Holton Ritchie, May 1916, Ritchie claim. Also letter and policy documents
from Laura Ritchie to Connecticut Fire Insurance Co., April 4, 1916, in Fall microfilm records, UNM.

146 “I cannot believe”: Letter, Laura Ritchie to Connecticut Fire Insurance Co., April 4, 1916, in Fall microfilm records,
UNM.

147 “I was badly”: Affidavit, Susan Moore, December 9, 1925, Moore claim.

147 “I just lived”: Testimony, Susan Moore, December 22, 1919, Fall microfilm records, UNM.

147 “Since his injuries”: Affidavit, Milton James, September 12, 1925, James claim.

147 “nervous prostration”: Affidavit, Archibald Frost and Mary Alice Frost, April 3, 1916, Fall microfilm records, UNM;
affidavit, Archibald Frost, February 9, 1927, Dean collection; affidavit, Archibald Frost, February 9, 1927, Frost claim.

148 “Oh, my baby,”: “Little Tot Kidnapped by Villa Band Restored to Mother’s Arms,”
EPMT,
March 17, 1916.

148 Pereyra: “Pereyra’s Body Brought Back,”
EPH,
March 18, 1916.

148 his Stetson: “Representative of García Found Dead,”
EPMT,
March 17, 1916.

148 Villa and his troops: Movement taken from RO.

148 “alarmingly dangerous”: RO, 35.

148 “the Carrancistas need not”: Ibid., 36.

148 “they were too damned American”: Frank Elser, “Army Hunting Villa Struck by Storm,”
NYT,
March 26, 1916; Frank Elser, “Torture Victim Turns on Villa,”
NYT,
March 31, 1916; RO, 38.

149 “You may bury”: Elser, “Torture Victim Turns on Villa,”
NYT,
March 31, 1916.

149 “I am going”: Ibid.

150 “Brethren, I have”: RO, 38.

150 “War is being”: “Villa’s Address at El Valle,” March 15, 1916, U.S. and Mexican Claims Commissions, Records of Research
and Information Section, Information File on Mexican History, box 11.

150 “His custom”: “Trying to Force Villa into a Corner,”
NYT,
March 28, 1916.

151 Namiquipa: RO, 42.

11. To the End of the Furrow

155 “Are you the new”: Frederick Palmer,
Newton D. Baker: America at War
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931), 9.

155 “My coming was”: Ibid., 13.

157 no knowledge of the army: Ibid., 8.

157 “His friends insisted”: Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 106.

157 “It would be the irony”: Tuchman,
Zimmermann Telegram,
41.

158 “It was the feeling”: “Funston to Lead 5,000 Men to Mexico,”
NYT,
March 11, 1916.

158 five hundred thousand volunteers: “Republicans Will Demand Army of Half Million Men for Campaign in Mexico,”
EPMT,
March 10, 1916.

158 “He has no bonhomie”: Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 167.

158 “who had a great many million:” Fall hearing, 1131.

158 “An adequate force”: “Funston to Lead 5,000 Men to Mexico,”
NYT,
March 11, 1916. See also
PWW,
36:283-287, for other telegrams relating to the administration’s decision to send troops into Mexico.

159 “We have put”: “Funston to Lead 5,000 men to Mexico,”
NYT,
March 11, 1916.

159 “You may say”: Telegram, Lansing to Special Agents Silliman and Belt, March 9, 1916, in
Foreign Relations,
1916, 481.

159 “pained to hear”: Telegram, Secretary for Foreign Affairs to Special Agent Silliman, March 10, 1916,
Foreign Relations,
1916, 485.

160 “In both these cases”: Ibid.; “Carranza Wants to Cross Border,”
NYT,
March 12, 1916.

160 Wilson administration chose: Telegram, Secretary of State to Special Agent Silliman, March 13, 1916, in
Foreign Relations,
1916, 487-488; “Carranza Wants to Cross Border,”
NYT,
March 12, 1916.

160 General Scott urged: Scott,
Some Memories of a Soldier,
520; Mason,
Great Pursuit,
70.

161 wanted desperately to head: Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 132.

161 Funston grew up: Funston’s background is taken from Mason,
Great Pursuit,
65; Dave Young, “Maj. Gen. Frederick Funston: Kansas National Guard’s Greatest Soldier,” Boyhood Home and Museum of Major
General Frederick Funston, http://skyways.lib.ks.us/museums/funston/ksgreat.html; David Haward Bain, “Manifest Destiny’s Man
of the Hour: Frederick Funston,”
Smithsonian,
1989, 134-155; and Stuart Creighton Miller, “Empire in the Philippines: America’s Forgotten War of Colonial Conquest,”
True Stories from the American Past,
2 (1997), 74-92.

161 great-grandniece: Bain, “Manifest Destiny’s Man of the Hour,” 136.

161 “We roamed the city”: Ibid., 137.

162 “and finally, in”: Young, “Maj. Gen. Frederick Funston.”

162 “Funston, this is”: Bain, “Manifest Destiny’s Man of the Hour,” 148; Young, “Maj. Gen. Frederick Funston.”

162 letter of censure: Bain, “Manifest Destiny’s Man of the Hour,” 155.

163 Pershing it was: Palmer,
Newton D. Baker,
13; Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 136.

163 “You will promptly”: Memo, McCain to Commanding General, March 10, 1916, Pershing papers, LC;
PWW,
36:285-286.

163 Pershing seemed: Pershing’s background drawn from articles written by George MacAdam and published in the
World’s Work
in 1918 and 1919; the extensive obituary that appeared July 16, 1948, in the
New York Times
; and books, dissertations, and thumbnail sketches available through the Internet at the Fort Sam Houston Museum site and
the Army Historical Foundation.

164 Pfoerschin: George MacAdam, “The Life of General Pershing,”
World’s Work,
November 1918, 46.

164 “No, I wouldn’t stay”: “Leadership, Personal Courage, Devotion to Troops Won for Pershing Affection of Nation,”
NYT,
July 16, 1948.

164 lied about his age: Richard Goldhurst,
Pipe, Clay and Drill
(New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1977), 19.

165 “Nigger Jack”: George MacAdam, “The Life of General Pershing,”
World’s Work,
February 1919, 546.

165 “Pershing is the coolest”: “Leadership, Personal Courage, Devotion to Troops Won for Pershing Affection of Nation,”
NYT,
July 16, 1948; George MacAdam, “The Life of General Pershing,”
World’s Work,
April 1919, 685.

165 “To promote him”: George MacAdam, “The Life of General Pershing,”
World’s Work,
May 1919, 100; “General of the Armies John J. Pershing,” Fort Sam Houston Museum, http://www.ameddregiment.amedd.army.mil/
fshmuse/ fshmusemain.htm.

166 “Telegram for you”: “Leadership, Personal Courage, Devotion to Troops Won for Pershing Affection of Nation,”
NYT,
July 16, 1948.

166 led a rescue party: “Fire Kills Family of General Pershing,”
NYT,
August 28, 1915.

166 funeral procession: “Honor to the Pershings,”
NYT,
September 1, 1916.

166 “From that time on”: Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 141.

167 “Nita” Patton: Frank E. Vandiver,
Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing,
vol. 2 (College Station and London: Texas A&M University Press, 1977), 606.

167 “There should be a law”: Martin Blumenson,
The Patton Papers
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 318.

167 Patton contacted: Ibid., 319.

167 “Everyone wants”: Ibid., 320.

167 “good with correspondents”: Ibid., 319.

168 arriving at ten thirty: Ibid., 321.

168 “One sometimes feels”: Editorial,
CC,
July 14, 1916.

168 civilians also pitched: “There Were No Dull Days in Columbus for Army Bride Back in 1916,”
Southwesterner,
September 1964, 3, Dean collection.

169 seize the telegraph: “Censorship Bars News of Pershing,”
NYT,
March 15, 1916.

169 “The man who”: “Warning to Correspondents,”
NYT,
March 19, 1916.

169 “The desert is support”: H. A. Toulmin, “With Pershing in Mexico,” 23-24, Deming museum.

169 initial cavalry regiments: “Funston to Lead 5,169 Men to Mexico,”
NYT,
March 11, 1916. In addition to news accounts, information regarding the makeup of the expedition was taken from Tompkins,
Chasing Villa;
Johnson, “Punitive Expedition”; Toulmin, “With Pershing in Mexico,” Deming museum; and Mason,
Great Pursuit.