The General and the Jaguar (54 page)

169 “To transport one”: Mason,
Great Pursuit,
84.

169 Missouri mules: “Funston Wants to Use Railroad,”
NYT,
March 18, 1916.

169 Twenty-seven new trucks: “Four Auto Trucks Rushed to Border,”
NYT,
March 15, 1916; “Arsenal Sends Equipment,”
NYT,
March 14, 1916.

170 emergency legislation: “Add 20,000 Men to the Mobile Army,”
NYT,
March 15, 1916.

170 First Aero Squadron: Roger G. Miller, “A Preliminary to War: The 1st Aero Squadron and the Mexican Punitive Expedition
of 1916,” Air Force Historical Studies Office, https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/Annotations/ millerpunitive.htm,
p. 15; First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, “War Diary,” March 12-April 23, 1916, Dean collection.

170 larger-than-life officers: Michael D. Hull, “Benny Delahauf Foulois was the Father of Modern American Air Power,”
Military Heritage,
February 2003, 10-17.

171 far-fetched statements: Walter J. Boyne, “Maj. Gen. Benjamin D. Foulois Was the Army’s First Pilot, a ‘One-Man’ Air
Force, and a Founding Father of Airpower,”
Air Force Magazine,
February 2003, http://www.afa.org/ magazine/ feb2003/ 02foulois03.pdf.

171 coveted seat: Ibid.

171 “correspondence course”: Hull, “Benny Delahauf Foulois,” 10.

171 “They all believe”: Letter, George Carothers to Secretary of State, March 11, 1916, McKinney claim.

172 great, confused body: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
74; “American Cavalry Near Villa’s Haunts,”
NYT,
March 17, 1916.

172 Dean Black: “American Troops Chasing Villa,”
NYT,
March 19, 1916.

172 “shone in the sun”: “Villa Men Carry Odd Lot of Arms,”
NYT,
March 19, 1916.

12. Sunburn, Frostbite, and Blisters

173 Pershing . . . had apparently “bought off”: Vandiver,
Black Jack,
610.

173 an old couple: John W. Converse, “Report of Observation of Punitive Expedition into Mexico under the Command of General
Frederick W. Funston, March 15 to April 19, 1916,” May 1916, Bouilly collection.

173 “stockyards, abattoirs”: “Pershing Sped Far into Chihuahua,”
NYT,
March 24, 1916.

174 Van Camp: “Correspondent Sent Back,”
NYT,
March 24, 1916.

174 expense booklet: Converse, “Report of Observation of Punitive Expedition,” 7.

174 “It looked like”: C. Tucker Beckett, “Military Photography in Mexico,”
Camera,
November 1916, 607, Bouilly collection.

174 head had been completely severed: Affidavit, Henry T. Cummins, April 25, 1916, McKinney claim.

174 spring wagon: Affidavit, J. L. Fonville, April 14, 1916, McKinney claim.

175 cavalrymen and the infantrymen wore: Converse, “Report of Observation of Punitive Expedition,” 21-25.

175 “Most of the fellows”: “How They Went into Mexico,”
Literary Digest,
April 8, 1916, 1006-1008.

176 “so that caused us”: Letter, Henry Huthmacher to Lena Huthmacher, June 1, 1916, Columbus museum.

176 “stood out like”: George Brydges Rodney,
As a Cavalryman Remembers
(Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1944), 255; Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 222.

176 “kind of a corn cake”: Letter, Henry Huthmacher to Lena Huthmacher, June 1, 1916, Columbus museum.

177 “I stole another”: Blumenson,
Patton Papers,
321.

177 packers soon began discarding: James E. Klohr, “Chasing the Greatest Bandido of All,”
Old West Magazine,
Spring 1971, 30, Columbus museum.

177 Pershing’s column: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
76-77.

177 expedition’s combined strength: Thomas and Allen, “Mexican Punitive Expedition,” II-18.

177 Dodge touring car: Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 283.

178 church elders were hesitant: Raymond J. Reed, “The Mormons in Chihuahua, Their Relations with Villa, and the Pershing
Punitive Expedition, 1910-1917” (master’s thesis, University of New Mexico, 1938), 41, Deming museum.

178 Other scouts: “Assure Pershing of Cooperation,”
NYT,
April 14, 1916.

179 main house: Tenth Cavalry, Narrative of Service, Punitive Expedition, NARA, RG 165, Department of the War Department
General and Special Staffs, box 284.

179 Foulois and his airplane: The account of the pilots’ ill-fated flight into Mexico is taken from Benjamin D. Foulois,
“Report of Operations of the First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, with the Mexican Punitive Expedition, for Period March 15
to August 15, 1916,” http://www.earlyaviators.com/esquadro.htm; Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
236-245; Mason,
Great Pursuit,
103-119; Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 232-243; Marshall Andrews, “Our First Aerial Combat Force,”
Washington Post Magazine,
May 26, 1929, 6-7; First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, “War Diary,” March 12-April 23, 1916, Dean collection.

180 “remarkable” event: First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, “War Diary,” March 12-April 23, 1916, 2, Dean collection.

181 “Until daylight”: Letter, Henry Huthmacher to Lena Huthmacher, June 1, 1916, Columbus museum.

182 “The pursuit of Villa”: Converse, “Report of Observation of Punitive Expedition,” 17.

182 “Their tops are always”: “Auto Trucks Day and Night,”
NYT,
March 27, 1916.

182 drivers used mesquite: “Sidelights on Villa Hike,”
NYT,
March 31, 1916.

183 “the last run down”: William R. Eastman, “Report,” NARA, RG 407, AGO, Mexican Expedition, box 2020.

183 To keep warm: “Messages from Mexico,”
World’s Work,
August 1916, 433; Converse, “Report of Observation of Punitive Expedition,” 14.

183 “In spite of”: Converse, “Report of Observation of Punitive Expedition,” 14.

184 horses: Information comes from Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
116; O. C. Troxel, “The Tenth Cavalry in Mexico,”
U.S. Cavalry Journal,
October 1917, 199-208; Colonel Samuel F. Dallam, “The Punitive Expedition of 1916: Some Problems and Experiences of a Troop
Commander,”
U.S. Cavalry Journal,
July 1927, 382-398.

185 “Great care was taken”: Converse, “Report of Observation of Punitive Expedition,” 25.

186 Poor beasts: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
109.

186 Colonel George Dodd: Account of his movements up to and including Guerrero fight is from Commanding Officer to Commanding
General, “Narrative of Expeditions and Scouts,” July 8, 1916, NARA, RG 395, Punitive Expeditions to Mexico, box 1 (hereafter
cited as “Narrative of Expeditions and Scouts”), Headquarters, George Dodd to J. J. Pershing, “Report of Operations of a Portion
of the 2nd Cav. Brig. and Seventh Cavalry Column from March 15-April 28, 1916,” May 6, 1916, NARA, RG 200, Papers of General
John J. Pershing, Material Relating to the Punitive Expedition, box 1.

186 gallant conduct: “Colonel Dodd’s Army Career,”
NYT,
April 1, 1916.

186 “entered into an agreement”: Proclamation, Ignacio Enríquez, March 20, 1916, NARA, RG 395, Expeditions to Mexico,
Base Intelligence Office.

187 “I was in doubt”: Dodd to Pershing, “Report of Operations,” NARA, RG 200, Papers of General John J. Pershing, Material
Relating to the Punitive Expedition, box 1.

187 “It cuts like a knife”: “Army Hunting Villa Struck by Storm; Aviators Risk Death in 60-Mile Gale,”
NYT,
March 26, 1916.

187 “It was bitter cold”: “Narrative of Expeditions and Scouts,” 6.

188 “The abundant supplies”: RO, 44.

188 Guerrero: Ibid., 46.

189 “It was our intention”: Modesto Nevárez’s account of Villa’s wounding and escape from Guerrero appears in several
places, including Commanding Officer to Commanding General, “Narrative Report of the Operations of the 11th Cavalry in Mexico,”
June 8, 1916, 33-35, NARA, RG 165, Records of Historical Section, box 285 (hereafter cited as “Operations of 11th Cavalry”);
Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
161-164; and “How Villa Eluded the American Troops,”
Literary Digest,
July 15, 1916, 138-139.

190 Dargue: Andrews, “Our First Aerial Combat Force,” 7.

190 “Words cannot describe”: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
109.

191 “strange mounted force”: RO, 50.

192 Two collapsed: “Narrative of Expedition and Scouts,” 9.

192 “Villa’s drug store”: “Seized ‘Villa’s Drug Store,’”
NYT,
April 16, 1916.

192 “Such a mess”: Eastman, “Report,” NARA, RG 407, AGO, Mexican Expedition, Box 2020.

193 Frenchman: Klohr, “Chasing the Greatest Bandido of All,” 35.

193 carriage carrying Villa: Account of Villa’s flight from Guerrero taken from RO, 65-69; also “Map of Part of Chihuahua,
Mexico,” compiled and furnished by Office Intelligence Section, Captain W. O. Reed, Sixth Cavalry, Punitive Expedition, Bouilly
collection. This map is actually three large maps, roughly two feet by three feet, showing the movement of the expedition’s
columns and Villa’s troops. Interestingly, it plots Villa’s movements down to the hour of his arrival and departure in various
towns.

193 “I noticed that after that he”: “How Villa Eluded the American Troops,” 138-139.

194 Cavazos: RO, 16-17.

194 “They traveled almost”: Nevárez account, “Operations of 11th Cavalry,” 34.

194 their progress: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
164.

194 Pedrosa: Ibid., 163.

194 “He is a very”: Nevárez account, “Operations of 11th Cavalry,” 34.

195 “When I last”: Ibid.

195 “was concealment for”: Ibid., 47.

13. Pershing’s Indigestion

199 “on the prowl”: Clendenen,
Blood on the Border,
251.

199 “Little mention is made”: Ibid.

199 Pershing traveled: Description of camp from Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 280-284; Frank B. Elser, “Pershing’s Lost
Cause,”
American Legion Monthly,
July 1932, 15.

199 “No frost or snow”: Blumenson,
Patton Papers,
325.

200 “On the way to town”: Ibid., 324.

200 “On a rock ledge”: “Twenty Redskin Scouts Ready to Get Villa,”
NYT,
April 7, 1916; “A Day in Columbus, Base for Army Down in Mexico,”
EPH,
April 29-30, 1916; Mason,
Great Pursuit,
161-164.

200 The dry climate wreaked: “With Our Airmen in Mexico,”
Scientific American,
July 8, 1916, 36.

201 “All officer pilots”: Details of Aero Squadron from Foulois, “Report of Operations of the First Aero Squadron,” in
Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
236-245; Mason,
Great Pursuit,
103-119; Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 232-243; First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, “War Diary,” March 12-April 23, 1916,
Dean collection.

201 Bowen: First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, “War Diary,” March 12-April 23, 1916, 3 Dean collection.

201 two airplanes: Incident described in Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
236-245; Andrews, “Our First Aerial Combat Force,” 6-7; First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, “War Diary,” March 12-April 23,
1916, 10-11, Dean collection.

203 Dargue soon found: Andrews, “Our First Aerial Combat Force,” 6-7; First Aero Squadron, Signal Corps, “War Diary,”
March 12-April 23, 1916, 10-11, Dean collection.

203 “We passed over”: Andrews, “Our First Aerial Combat Force,” 6-7.

203 “I thought he [Dargue]”: “Aviators Burn Biplane Wreck,”
EPH,
April 27, 1916.

203 “There was a little town”: Andrews, “Our First Aerial Combat Force,” 6-7.

204 “The sentiment of the people”: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
174.

204 musicians: Elser, “Pershing’s Lost Cause,” 45.

204 “La Cucaracha”: Lyrics from http://elmariachi.com/songs/la_cucaracha.asp.

206 “sanitary village”: Klohr, “Chasing the Greatest Bandido of All,” 42.

206 Tompkins: Tompkins’s activities from his
Chasing Villa,
110-118, 128-144; and Tompkins, Report No. 3, 3rd Squadron, 13th Cavalry, April 13, 1916, NARA, RG 407, AGO, Mexican Expedition,
box 2020.

206 hand signals: Rodney,
As a Cavalryman Remembers,
252.

207 “I would esteem”: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
131.

208 “I took a good”: Ibid.

208 “These head men”: Ibid., 114.

209 “I told him we would”: Ibid., 135.

209 Howze and his squadron: Activities taken from “Operations of 11th Cavalry”; Howze to Commanding General, “Report of
Operations and Movements, Special Column,” April 15, 1916, RG 407, AGO, Mexican Expedition, box 2020; Reed, “Mormons in Chihuahua,”
40-55; and Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 429-449.

210 “a slender, mean-looking”: Reed, “Mormons in Chihuahua,” 48.

211 “perpetual smile”: Reed, “Mormons in Chihuahua,” 50.

211 Villista without a gun: “Pershing Says Hunt Just Beginning,”
NYT,
April 8, 1916.

211 private from Tennessee: “Doubt of Villa Death Grows,”
NYT,
April 18, 1916.

211 mess kits, forks: Johnson, “Punitive Expedition,” 439.

211 Santa Cruz: “Operations of 11th Cavalry”; Howze to Commanding General, “Report of Operations and Movements, Special
Column,” April 15, 1916, RG 407, AGO, Mexican Expedition, box 2020.

212 “being more or less exhausted”: “Operations of 11th Cavalry,” 12.

212 “No one of us could”: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
161.

212 “Our animals were”: “Operations of 11th Cavalry,” 12.

213 “Soldiers don’t lose”: Elser, “Pershing’s Lost Cause,” 46.

213 “The big moon”: Ibid.

213 “We pictured the hot”: Tompkins,
Chasing Villa,
137.