The Great Cholesterol Myth (40 page)

13
. B. Banaszewska et al., “Effects of Simvastatin and Oral Contraceptive Agent on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Prospective, Randomized, Crossover Trial,”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
92, no. 2 (2007): 456–61; T. Sathyapalan et al., “The Effect of Atorvastatin in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study,”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
94, no. 1 (2009): 103–108.

14
. C. Do et al., “Statins and Erectile Dysfunction: Results of a Case/Non-Case Study using the French Pharmacovigilance System Database,”
Drug Safety
32, no. 7 (2009): 591–97.

15
. C.J. Malkin et al., “Low Serum Testosterone and Increased Mortality in Men with Coronary Heart Disease,”
Heart
96, no. 22 (2010): 1821–25.

16
.
S. Shrivastava et al., “A. Chronic Cholesterol Depletion Using Statin Impairs the Function and Dynamics of Human Serotonin (1A) Receptors,”
Biochemistry
49, no. 26 (2010): 5426–35; L.N. Johnson-Anuna et al., “Chronic Administration of Statins Alters Multiple Gene Expression Patterns in Mouse Cerebral Cortex,”
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
312, no. 2 (2005): 786–93. A. Linetti et al., “Cholesterol Reduction Impairs Exocytosis of Synaptic Vesicles,”
Journal of Cell Science
123, no. 4 (2010): 595–605.

17
. T.B. Horwich et al., “Low Serum Total Cholesterol Is Associated with Marked Increase in Mortality in Advanced Heart Failure,”
Journal of Cardiac Failure
8, no. 4 (2002): 216–24.

18
. Sonia Brescianini et al., “Low Total Cholesterol and Increased Risk of Dying: Are Low Levels Clinical Warning Signs in the Elderly? Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging,”
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
51, no. 7 (2003): 991–96.

19
. A. Alawi et al., “Effect of the Magnitude of Lipid Lowering on Risk of Elevated Liver Enzymes, Rhabdomyolysis, and Cancer,”
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
50, no. 5 (2007): 409–18.

20
. David Preiss et al., “Risk of Incident Diabetes with Intensive-Dose Compared with Moderate-Dose Statin Therapy,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
305, no. 24 (2011): 2556–64.

21
.
www.spacedoc.com
, Statin Drugs, accessed May 2, 2012

22
. Joe Graedon and Terry Graedon, “Patients Find Statins Can Have Side Effects,” The People’s Pharmacy, April 18, 2005, accessed January 4, 2012,
www.peoplespharmacy.com/2005/04/18/patients-find-s
.

23
. Joe Graedon and Terry Graedon, “Can Statins Cause Debilitating Muscle Pain,” The People’s Pharmacy, April 18, 2005, accessed January 4, 2012,
www.peoplespharmacy.com/2007/09/12/can-statins-cau
.

24
. Joe Graedon and Terry Graedon, “Does Lipitor Affect Memory and Nerves,” The People’s Pharmacy, April 18, 2005, accessed January 4, 2012,
www.peoplespharmacy.com/2007/06/20/does-lipitor-af/
.

25
. B.A. Golomb et al., “Physician Response to Patient Reports of Adverse Drug Effects,”
Drug Safety
30, no. 8 (2007): 669–75.

26
. Ibid.

27
. Susan Jeffrey, “ALLHAT Lipid-Lowering Trial Shows No Benefit from Pravastatin,”
Heartwire
, December 17, 2002,
www.theheart.org/article/263333.do
.

28
. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Drug, “MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of Cholesterol Lowering with Simvastatin in 20,536 High-Risk Individuals: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial,”
The Lancet
360, no. 9326 (2002): 7–22.

29
. Uffe Ravnskov, “Statins as the New Aspirin,”
British Medical Journal
324, no. 7340 (2002): 789.

30
. Salynn Boyles, “More May Benefit from Cholesterol Drugs,” W
ebMD Health News
, January 13, 2009,
www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/news/20090113/more-may-benefit-from-cholesterol-drugs
.

31
. Michel de Lorgeril et al., “Cholesterol Lowering, Cardiovascular Diseases, and the Rousuvastatin-JUPITER Controversy: A Critical Reappraisal,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
170, no. 12 (2010): 1032–36.

32
. Mark A. Hlatky, “Expanding the Orbit of Primary Prevention—Moving Beyond JUPITER,”
New England Journal of Medicine
359 (2008): 2280–82.

33
. Ibid.

34
. H.S. Hecht and S.M. Harman, “Relation of Aggressiveness of Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Changes in Calcified Plaque Burden by Electron Beam Tomography,”
American Journal of Cardiology
92, no. 3 (2003): 334–36.

35
. W.A. Flegel, “Inhibition of Endotoxin-Induced Activation of Human Monocytes by Human Lipoprotein,”
Infection and Immunity
57, no. 7 (1989): 2237–45; W.A. Flegel et al., “Prevention of Endotoxin-Induced Monokine Release by Human Low- and High-Density Lipoproteins and by Apolipoprotein A-I,”
Infection and Immunity
61, no. 12 (1993): 5140–46; H. Northoff et al., “The Role of Lipoproteins in Inactivation of Endotoxin by Serum,”
Beitr Infusionsther
30 (1992): 195–97.

36
.
Jacobs et al., “Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol.”

37
. Iribarren et al., “Serum Total Cholesterol and Risk of Hospitalization”; Iribarren et al., “Cohort Study of Serum Total Cholesterol.”

38
. Neaton and Wentworth, “Low Serum Cholesterol and Risk of Death from AIDS.”

39
. Anne C. Looker et al., “Vitamin D Status: United States, 2001–2006,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCHS Data Brief No. 59, March 2011,
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db59.htm
.

40
. William Faloon, “Startling Findings About Vitamin D Levels in Life Extension Members,”
Life Extension Magazine
, January 2010,
www.lef.org/magazine/mag2010/jan2010_Startling-Findings-About-Vitamin-D-Levels-in-Life-Extension-Members_01.htm
.

41
. Vitamin D Council, “Health Conditions,” Vitamin D Council, last modified September 27, 2011,
www.vitamindcouncil.org/health-conditions
.

42
. Therapeutics Initiative, “About Us,” Therapeutics Initiative,
http://ti.ubc.ca/about
.

43
. J.R. Downs et al., “Primary Prevention of Acute Coronary Events with Lovastatin in Men and Women with Average Cholesterol Levels: Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
279 (1998): 1615–22; J. Shepherd et al., “Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia,”
New England Journal of Medicine
333 (1995): 1301–7.

44
. Therapeutics Initiative, “Do Statins Have a Role in Primary Prevention?” Therapeutics Letter #48, April–June 2003,
www.ti.ubc.ca/newsletter/do-statins-have-role-primary-prevention
.

45
. J. Abramson and J.M. Wright, “Are Lipid-Lowering Guidelines Evidence-Based?”
The Lancet
369, no. 9557 (2007): 168–69.

46
. M. Pignone et al., “Primary Prevention of CHD with Pharmacological Lipid-Lowering Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials,”
British Medical Journal
321, no. 7267 (2000): 983–86.

CHAPTER 7

1
. Eric G. Campbell, “Doctors and Drug Companies—Scrutinizing Influential Relationships,”
New England Journal of Medicine
357 (2007): 1796–97; M.M. Chren, “Interactions Between Physicians and Drug Company Representatives,”
American Journal of Medicine
107, no. 2 (1999): 182–83.

2
. Heart Failure Society of America, “NYHA Classification—The Stages of Heart Failure,” Heart Failure Society of America, last modified December 5, 2011,
www.abouthf.org/questions_stages.htm
.

3
. Per H. Langsjoen , S. Vadhanavikit, and K. Folkers, “Response of Patients in Classes III and IV of Cardiomyopathy to Therapy in a Blind and Crossover Trial with Coenzyme Q
10
,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
82, no. 12 (1985): 4240–44.

4
. Per H. Langsjoen et al., “A Six-Year Clinical Study of Therapy of Cardiomyopathy with Coenzyme Q
10
,”
International Journal of Tissue Reactions
12, no. 3 (1990): 169–71.

5
. F.L. Rosenfeldt et al., “Coenzyme Q
10
in the Treatment of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Trials,”
Journal of Human Hypertension
21, no. 4 (2007): 297–306.

6
. Sheldon Hendler,
PDR for Nutritional Supplements
, 2nd ed. (Montvale, NJ: PDR Network, 2008), 152.

7
. P. Davini et al., “Controlled Study on L-Carnitine Therapeutic Efficacy in Post-Infarction,”
Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research
18, no. 8 (1992): 355–65.

8
. I. Rizos, “Three-Year Survival of Patients with Heart Failure Caused by Dilated Cardiomyopathy and L-Carnitine Administration,”
American Heart Journal
139, no. 2 (2000): S120–23.

9
. L. Cacciatore et al., “The Therapeutic Effect of L-Carnitine in Patients with Exercise-Induced Stable Angina: A Controlled Study,”
Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research
17, no. 4 (1991): 225–35; G. Louis Bartels et al., “Effects of L-Propionylcarnitine on Ischemia-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction in Men with Angina Pectoris,”
American Journal of Cardiology
74, no. 2 (1994): 125–30.

10
.
L.A. Calò et al., “Antioxidant Effect of L-Carnitine and Its Short Chain Esters: Relevance for the Protection from Oxidative Stress Related Cardiovascular Damage,”
International Journal of Cardiology
107, no. 1 (2006): 54–60.

11
. Mark J. Bolland et al., “Effects of Calcium Supplements on Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Events: Meta-Analysis,”
British Medical Journal
341, no. c3691 (2010).

12
. P. Raggi et al., “Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk of First Myocardial Infarction in Patients Receiving Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy,”
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
24, no. 7 (2004): 1272–77.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Udo Hoffmann et al., “Use of New Imaging Techniques to Screen for Coronary Artery Disease,”
Circulation
108 (2003): e50–e53.

15
. M.C. Houston and K.J. Harper, “Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium: Their Role in Both the Cause and Treatment of Hypertension,”
Journal of Clinical Hypertension
10, no. 7 (2008): 3–11; L. Widman et al., “The Dose-Dependent Reduction in Blood Pressure Through Administration of Magnesium: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial,”
American Journal of Hypertension
6, no. 1 (1993), 41–45.

16
. P. Laurant and R.M. Touyz, “Physiological and Pathophysiological Role of Magnesium in the Cardiovascular System: Implications in Hypertension,”
Journal of Hypertension
18, no. 9 (2000): 1177–91.

17
. Robbert Meerwaldt et al., “The Clinical Relevance of Assessing Advanced Glycation Endproducts Accumulation in Diabetes,”
Cardiovascular Diabetology
7, no. 29 (2008): 1–8; Andries J. Smit, “Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Chronic Heart Failure,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1126 (2008): 225–30; Jasper W.L. Hartog et al., “Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) and Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications,”
European Journal of Heart Failure
9, no. 12 (2007): 1146–55.

18
. A. Sjögren et al., “Oral Administration of Magnesium Hydroxide to Subjects with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Magnesium and Potassium Levels and on Insulin Requirements,”
Magnesium
7, no. 3 (1988): 117–22; Lima M. de Lordes et al., “The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation in Increasing Doses on the Control of Type 2 Diabetes,”
Diabetes Care
21, no. 5 (1998): 682–86; G. Paolisso et al., “Dietary Magnesium Supplements Improve B-Cell Response to Glucose and Arginine in Elderly Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetic Subjects,”
Acta Endocrinologica
121, no. 1 (1989): 16–20.

19
. F. Guerrero-Romero and M. Rodríguez-Morán, “Low Serum Magnesium Levels and Metabolic Syndrome,”
Acta Diabetologica
39, no. 4 (2002): 209–13.

20
. National Institutes of Health, “Magnesium, What Is It?” Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health,
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/magnesium-HealthProfessional
.

21
. Sheldon Hendler,
PDR for Nutritional Supplements
, 2nd ed. (Montvale, NJ: PDR Network, 2008), 152.

22
. E.S. Ford and A.H. Mokdad, “Dietary Magnesium Intake in a National Sample of U.S. Adults,”
Journal of Nutrition
133, no. 9 (2003): 2879–82.

23
. R. Altschul et al., “Influence of Nicotinic Acid on Serum Cholesterol in Man,”
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
54, no. 2 (1955): 558–59.

24
. R.H. Knopp et al., “Contrasting Effects of Unmodified and Time-Release Forms of Niacin on Lipoproteins in Hyperlipidemic Subjects: Clues to Mechanism of Action of Niacin,”
Metabolism
34, no. 7 (1985): 642–50; J.M. McKenney et al., “A Comparison of the Efficacy and Toxic Effects of Sustained vs. Immediate-Release Niacin in Hypercholesterolemic Patients,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
271, no. 9 (1994): 672–77.

25
. Pia R. Kamstrup, “Genetically Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction,” J
ournal of the American Medical Association
301, no. 22 (2009): 2331–39; M. Sandkamp et al., “Lipoprotein(a) Is an Independent Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction at a Young Age,”
Clinical Chemistry
36, no. 1 (1990): 20–23; A. Gurakar et al.,
“Levels of Lipoprotein Lp(a) Decline with Neomycin and Niacin Treatment,”
Atherosclerosis
57, nos. 2–3 (1985): 293–301; L.A. Carlson et al., “Pronounced Lowering of Serum Levels of Lipoprotein Lp(a) in Hyperlipidaemic Subjects Treated with Nicotinic Acid,”
Journal of Internal Medicine
226, no. 4 (1989): 271–76.

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