The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (113 page)

32.
Jacob E. Cooke, "The Compromise of 1790,"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 27 (1970): 523–45; Kenneth R. Bowling, "Dinner at Jefferson’s: A Note on Jacob E. Cooke’s ‘The Compromise of 1790,’"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 28 (1971): 629–48 (Cooke’s rebuttal, pp. 640–48); Norman Risjord, "The Compromise of 1790: New Evidence on the Dinner Table Bargain,"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 33 (1976): 309–14.

33.
Sloan,
Principle and Interest
, 125–26, 225–32.

34.
MB
, 765 n. 79, 766–67.

1.
Malone,
Jefferson
, 2:321.

2.
Susan R. Stein,
The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello
(New York, 1993), 44.

3.
Malone,
Jefferson
, 2:321.

4.
MB
, 808.

5.
Stein,
Worlds
, 45

6.
Ibid., 46.

7.
TJ to Martha Randolph, Jan. 20, 1791,
Papers
, 18:579.

8.
See, e.g.,
MB
, 808, 810, 812, listing Hemings’s wages along with those of TJ’s other servants;
MB,
818, 832, 880, noting money given to James for clothes.

9.
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, March 1, 1780,
in
The Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania from 1682 to 1801
, comp. James T. Mitchell and Henry Flanders (Harrisburg, 1896–1915), 10:67–73; Gary B. Nash and Jean R. Soderlund,
Freedom by Degrees: Emancipation in Pennsylvania and Its Aftermath
(New York, 1991), 176–77.

10.
Nash and Soderlund,
Freedom by Degrees
, 113.

11.
An Act to Explain and Amend an Act, Entitled "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery," March 29, 1788.

12.
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (1799) New York.

13.
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, March 1, 1780.

14.
Ibid.

15.
Henry Wiencek,
Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America
(New York, 2003), 31–36.

16.
MB
, 768–71, 808–32, 836–41, 861–77, 880–901, 904–12.

17.
Pennsylvania act, sec. 10. It would have been an odd thing, indeed, if the legislature of Pennsylvania had created a law that allowed its citizens to keep slaves born before March of 1780 for life, so long as they registered them, but then tell elected officials from other parts of the country, who were exempt from the registration requirement, that when they came to Philadelphia to serve their constituents and brought slaves they had to set them free after six months.

18.
Butler v. Hopper,
4 F. Cas. 904 (C.C. Pa 1806) (No. 2241)

19.
Ibid.

20.
The Commonwealth ex. rel. Negro Louis v. Holloway,
6 Binn 213 (Pa. 1814).

21.
Nash and Soderlund,
Freedom by Degrees
, 18.

22.
See, e.g.,
MB
, 839, 860, 901. Robert Hemings was in the city for a time.

23.
MB
, 808 n. 7.

24.
See, e.g.,
MB
, 814.

25.
Ralph Ketchum,
James Madison: A Biography
(Charlottesville, 1971), 148.

26.
Gary B. Nash,
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 100; Harry V. Richardson,
Dark Salvation: The Story of Methodism as It Developed among Blacks in America
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976); Daniel A. Payne,
History of the African Methodist Episcopal Church
(1891; reprint, New York, 1969); Julie Winch,
A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten
(New York, 2002).

27.
Richard S. Newman,
The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic
(Chapel Hill, 2002), 4.

28.
Nash and Soderlund,
Freedom by Degrees
, 113–15. It is also likely that they shied away from acting formally with blacks on behalf of the black community if that meant that any whites might suffer. Interracial cooperation has always posed a threat to those who have wanted to maintain the status quo on race in America.

29.
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, 117; Rush quoted in Susan E. Klepp, "Seasoning and Society: Racial Differences in Mortality in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 51 (1994): 487 n. 48.

30.
Malone,
Jefferson
, 2:359.

31.
"Notes on the Lake Country Tour,"
The Papers of James Madison
, ed. William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal, 17 vols. (Chicago and Charlottesville, 1962–91), 14:25; "The Northern Journey of Jefferson and Madison,"
Papers
, 20:438.

32.
MB
, 819 n. 49.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 197.

35.
For Hemings’s and TJ’s itinerary on the journey, see
MB
, 819–25, and
Papers
, 20: 453–73.

36.
"Notes on the Lake Country Tour,"
Papers of James Madison
, 14:27.

37.
Graham Russell Hodges,
Root and Branch: Africans in New York and New Jersey. 1613–1863
(Chapel Hill, 1999), l63–64.

38.
"Northern Journey,"
Papers
, 20:471–73, 467–70, 454.

39.
MB
, 823–25; see also n. 78, suggesting that perhaps the daily entries from May 17 to June 19 might be a more accurate listing of the mileage than the final report cited at 823–25.

40.
TJ to Martha J. Randolph,
Papers,
20:381.

41.
MB
, 829 n. 91: William Short to TJ, Feb. 18, 1791,
Papers
, 19:291.

42.
Lucia Stanton, "‘A Well-Ordered Household’: Domestic Servants in Jefferson’s White House,"
White House History
, no. 17 (2006): 14.

43.
Stein,
Worlds
, 43.

44.
Ibid.

45.
TJ to Martha Randolph, Dec. 4, 1791,
Papers
, 22:377; TJ to Martha Randolph, Dec. 13, 1792, ibid., 24:740–41.

46.
Adrien Petit to TJ, July 28, 1792,
Papers
, 24:262.

47.
TJ to Adrien Petit, Aug. 13, 1792,
Papers
, 24:294.

48.
TJ to George Taylor Jr., Aug. 13, 1792,
Papers
, 24:295.

49.
George Taylor to TJ, Aug. 26, 1792,
Papers
, 24:326–27.

50.
Ibid.; George Taylor to TJ, Sept. 1, 1792, ibid., 340. TJ to George Taylor, Sept. 10, 1792, ibid., 365.

51.
Adrien Petit to TJ, July 28, 1792,
Papers
, 24:262.

52.
Clare A. Lyons, "Mapping an Atlantic Sexual Culture: Homoeroticism in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 60 (2003): 119–54, par. 30.

53.
MB
, 830.

54.
Stanton, "‘Well-Ordered Household,’" 12–13.

55.
Ibid., 13.

56.
Kierner,
Scandal at Bizarre
, 84, 109.

57.
MB
, 880.

58.
Benjamin Banneker to TJ, Aug. 19, 1791,
Papers
, 22:49.

59.
TJ to Benjamin Banneker, Aug. 30, 1791,
Papers
, 22:97–98.

60.
See
Papers
, 22:52–54, detailing TJ’s relations with Banneker.

61.
TJ to Henri-Baptiste Gregoire, Feb. 25, 1809; TJ to Joel Barlow, Oct. 8, 1809,
The Works of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, 12 vols. (New York, 1904–05), 9:309–10, 10:261.

62.
Thomas Greene Fessenden,
Democracy Unveiled; or, Tyranny Stripped of the Garb of Patriotism
, 2 vols. (New York, 1805), 2:52n, cited in
Papers
, 22:54.

63.
See,
Papers
, 22:54 n.; Silvio A. Bendini,
The Life of Benjamin Banneker
(New York, 1972); Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, chap. 2.

64.
Gordon-Reed,
TJ and SH
, 139.

65.
Ibid., 139–40. There are numerous references to Gardiner in TJ’s account books between 1790 and 1800; see, e.g.,
MB
, 808 n. 7, 814, 980, 1019.

66.
Philip D. Morgan, "‘To Get Quit of Negroes’: George Washington and Slavery,"
Journal of American Studies
39 (2005): 404.

67.
Ibid., 415.

68.
Annette Gordon-Reed, "Engaging Jefferson: Blacks and the Founding Father,"
WMQ
, 3d ser., 58 (2000): 171–82.

1.
For discussions of the late eighteenth-century revolutions, see, e.g., David Brion Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823
(Ithaca, 1975); James,
Black Jacobins
; Robin Blackburn,
The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848
(London, 1988).

2.
An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves,
Laws of Virginia, 1782, chap. 61; Ira Berlin, "The Revolution in Black Life," in
The American Revolution
, ed. Alfred F. Young (DeKalb, III., 1976), 349–82; McColley,
Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia
; Ralph Waller,
John Wesley: A Personal Portrait
(New York, 2003); James Haskins,
The Methodists
(New York, 1992); Cynthia Lynn Lyerly,
Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770–1810
(New York, 1998).

3.
Berlin, "Revolution in Black Life," 362, 364; Ira Berlin,
Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South
(New York, 1974); Frey,
Water from the Rock
.