The Illusion of Victory (83 page)

35
. Ibid., 234–235.

36
. Ibid., 234–240.

37
. Ibid., 248–249.

38
. Ibid., 241–242.

39
. Ibid., 258–259; and Chambers,
To Raise an Army,
216.

40
. Melvin Dubofsky,
We Shall Be All: A History of the IWW, the Industrial Workers of the World
(Chicago, 1969), 368–376.

41
. Ibid., 355; and Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 49.

42
. Dubofsky,
We Shall Be All
, 355.

43
. Capozzola,“The Only Badge Needed,” 1366–1367.

44
. Dubofsky,
We Shall Be All
, 384–387; and Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War,
55.

45
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War,
60; and Patrick Renshaw,
The Wobblies: The Story of Syndicalism in the United States
(New York, 1967), 205.

46
. Dubofsky,
We Shall Be All,
393–395; and Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 57–59.

47
. Dubofsky,
We Shall Be All
, 406–407.

48
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 755–757.

49
. Ibid., 760.

50
. Ibid., 766–767.

51
. Ibid., 767–768.

52
. Ibid., 770.

53
.
New York Times,
October 5, 1917; and Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 780–784.

54
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette,
789.

55
. Edward J. Renehan, Jr.,
The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War
(New York, 1998), 132–134.

56
. Ibid., 134–135.

57
. Morton Keller, ed.,
Theodore Roosevelt: A Profile
(New York, 1967), 140; and Flora Miller Biddle Collection of letters between Quentin and Flora (hereafter cited as FMB).

58
. FMB, May 12, 1917.

59
. FMB, May 28, 1917.

60
. Renehan,
The Lion’s Pride,
139.

61
. Sylvia Jukes Morris,
Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady
(New York, 1980), 354.

62
. Derby Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, July 24, 1917 (hereafter cited as Derby Papers).

63
. Derby Papers, July 19, 1917.

64
. Renehan,
The Lion’s Pride
, 144.

65
. Ted Morgan,
FDR:A Biography
(New York, 1985), 192.

66
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 339.

67
. Ibid., 160–162.

68
. Morgan,
FDR
, 203–206; and Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 364–366.

69
. Morgan,
FDR
, 205.

70
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 373–374.

71
. Ibid., 372.

72
. Hagedorn,
Leonard Wood
, 214.

73
. Ibid., 215, 224.

74
. Ibid., 230.

75
. Ibid., 235–236.

76
. Ibid., 242–243.

77
. Ibid., 243–244.

78
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 51.

79
. Ibid., 43.

80
. Gene Smith,
Until the Last Trumpet Sounds: The Life of General of the Armies John J. Pershing
(New York, 1998), 173.

81
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 296–297.

82
. John A. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography
(New York, 1953), 176.

83
. Constance Gardner, ed.,
Some Letters of Augustus Peabody Gardner
(Boston, 1920), 41.

84
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 339; and Gardner,
Some Letters
, 110.

85
. Gardner,
Some Letters
, 122–124.

86
. Ibid., 126.

87
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 55.

88
. Ibid., 54–55.

89
. Coffman,
The War to End All Wars,
250.

90
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 56.

91
. Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
, 139–40; and Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
59.

92
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
57–58.

93
. Frank E. Vandiver,
Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing
(College Station, Tex., 1977), 862.

94
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
69.

1
. Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich,
Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present,
translated from the Russian by Phyllis B. Carlos (New York, 1986), 34–36; and Peter Kenz,
The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929
(Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 29–32.

2
. George F. Kennan,
Russia Leaves the War
(Princeton, 1956), 31, 75–76. The decree was personally drafted by Lenin and did not even mention the United States, calling England, France and Germany “the three mightiest states taking part in the present war.”

3
. Ibid., 75–76.

4
. Ibid., 78–79; and Gardner,
Safe for Democracy
, 149–150.

5
. PWW, 45:39.

6
. Kennan,
Russia Leaves the War
, 88–89.

7
. Ibid., 92–93. Steel,
Walter Lippmann,
132, calls the revelation “a calamity for Wilson.”

8
. Ibid., 136–137.

9
. Ibid., 144.

10
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:286.

11
. Kenneth Young,
Arthur James Balfour
(London, 1963), 478.

12
. PWW, 44:324.

13
. Ibid., 44:371.

14
. Ibid., 44:391.

15
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:279; and Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
379.

16
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
389.

17
. PWW, 45:194–199; and Steel,
Walter Lippmann,
132.

18
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
390–391.

19
. PWW, 45:202.

20
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader
, 391 n.

21
. Sigmund Freud and William C. Bullitt,
Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study
(Boston, 1967), 200–201.

22
. Edward Berenson,
The Trial of Madame Caillaux
(Los Angeles, 1992), 71–87, 214–247.

23
. Watt,
Dare Call It Treason
, 140–141.

24
. Severance Johnson,
The Enemy Within
(New York, 1919), 56–58; and Watt,
Dare Call It Treason,
141.

25
. Johnson,
The Enemy Within
, 62ff; and Watt,
Dare Call It Treason,
135–137.

26
. Watt,
Dare Call It Treason,
142–143.

27
. Ibid., 137–138, 263–264.

28
. Ibid., 143–145.

29
. Gregor Dallas,
At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and His World, 1831–1929
(New York, 1993), 486–491; see also 504–505 for timing of arrests.

30
. Ibid., 407, 494.

31
. Ibid., 501–502. See also the account in Johnson,
The Enemy Within
, 201. He stresses the French Socialist reaction to the Bolshevik takeover in Russia, which heightened the tension in Paris.

32
. Watt,
Dare Call It Treason
, 289.

33
. Dallas,
Heart of a Tiger
, 506.

34
. Johnson,
The Enemy Within,
218–220.

35
. Creel,
How We Advertised America
, 45–46.

36
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 64–65.

37
. Ibid., 68.

38
. Richard Norton Smith,
An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover
(New York, 1984), 87–89.

39
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 68–69.

40
. Ibid., 70.

41
. Ibid., 71; and Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
, 38–40.

42
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 75–76.

43
. Ibid., 72.

44
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:316–318; and Kennan,
Russia Leaves the War
, 254. The Bolsheviks had warned the Allied governments that if they did not join in an immediate peace conference, the working classes “will be faced with the iron necessity of wresting power” from them.

45
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, 3:322.

46
. Ibid., 3:324–325.

47
. House Diary, January 19, 1918.

48
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:341.

49
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 838; and PWW, 45:534–535.

50
. Kennan,
Russia Leaves the War
, 254–256.

51
. PWW, 45:534–539.

52
. Ibid.

53
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 340; and Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:344–345.

54
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:345–346; and Kennan,
Russia Leaves the War,
261–262.

55
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 82–83.

56
. Kennedy,
Over Here,
124–125.

57
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader
, 480–481.

58
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 89.

59
. Sheldon Bernard Avery,
A Private Civil War: The Controversy Between George E. Chamberlain and Woodrow Wilson,
M. A. thesis (University of Oregon, 1967), 3.

60
. Ibid., 73–74.

61
. Ibid., 79.

62
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 96.

63
. Avery,
A Private Civil War
, 80–81.

64
. Diary of Colonel House, January 17, 1918.

65
. Ibid., January 20, 1918.

66
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 96.

67
. Nathan Miller,
Theodore Roosevelt: A Life
(New York, 1992), 558.

68
. George C. Marshall,
Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–18
(Boston, 1976), 18; Mead,
The Doughboys,
153; and Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
66.

69
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
66–68.

70
. O’Connor,
Black Jack Pershing
, 204.

71
. Heywood Broun,
The A.E. F. with General Pershing and His Forces
(New York, 1918), 92–93.

72
. O’Connor,
Black Jack Pershing
, 167; and Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 69.

73
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:310.

74
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 71–72.

75
. Ibid., 74–77.

76
. Harbord,
The American Army in France
, 193.

77
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 79.

78
. Harbord,
American Army in France
, 190.

79
. PWW 42:504;
New York Times,
November 21 and 22, 1917; and
New Republic,
December 22, 1917, 214.

80
. Larry Wayne Ward,
The Motion Picture Goes to War: The U.S. Government Film Effort During World War I
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1985), 118–119. Goldstein’s sentence was commuted in 1920. He went back to Europe and made a number of movies in Germany. He was last heard from desperately trying to escape Hitler’s Third Reich in the mid-1930s.