Read The Illusion of Victory Online
Authors: Thomas Fleming
65
.
Washington Post,
January 18, 1919.
66
. Gardner,
Safe for Democracy
, 239–240; and Floto,
Colonel House in Paris,
109–112
67
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 350.
68
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace,
197; and Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World,
60–61.
69
. Klingaman,
1919
, 97, 122.
70
. PWW, 55:238–245.
71
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 350–351; and Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 255, 258.
72
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 257.
73
. PWW, 55:309–323.
74
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 353–354.
75
. Klingaman,
1919
, 169–170; Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 266–267; and Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 70.
76
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace
, 208.
77
. Alan J. Ward,
Ireland and Anglo-American Relations, 1988–1921
(Toronto, 1969), 172–176.
78
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge
, 84–86.
1
. Edith Bolling Wilson,
My Memoir
(New York, 1939), 245–246.
2
. Floto,
Colonel House in Paris
, 111.
3
. Ibid., 168; and Levin,
Edith and Woodrow,
283.
4
. Klingaman,
1919
, 141–142.
5
. Stephen Bonsal,
Unfinished Business
(New York, 1944), 117–118.
6
. Klingaman,
1919,
159, 207; and Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, 174.
7
. Klingaman,
1919
, 69.
8
. Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
, 358.
9
. Charles T. Thompson,
The Peace Conference Day by Day
(New York, 1920), 184–185.
10
. Schneider,
Into the Breach
, 276.
11
. Ibid., 280.
12
. Floto,
Colonel House in Paris
, 178; and Levin,
Edith and Woodrow,
293. Grayson became House’s secret enemy, filling his diary with condemnations of his supposedly disloyal behavior (PWW, 64:497–498).
13
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
4:386.
14
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 248.
15
. Ibid.
16
. Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference,
1:141–142.
17
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace,
216–217; and Knock,
To End All Wars,
248–249.
18
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 249; and Duff,
Politics of Revenge
, 120–125.
19
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 249.
20
. Erik Goldstein,
Winning the Peace: British Diplomatic Strategy, Peace Planning and the Paris Peace Conference, 1916–1920
(New York, 1991), 181–183.
21
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 250; and Robert Lansing,
The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative
(New York, 1921), 256. Wilson managed to procure a verbal promise from the Japanese to restore Shantung to China at some future date. With pressure from the United States, they honored this promise in 1922. He also attempted to protect Chinese interests in other ways, but the Chinese delegation, infuriated by his initial surrender and having no faith in the Japanese promise, refused to accept the compromise (Bruce Elleman,
Wilson and China: A Revised History of the Shandong Question
[Armonk, N. Y., 2002]).
22
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 249; and Lloyd George,
Peace Conference
, 1:149.
23
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement
, 2:210–215; and Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, 227.
24
. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, 228.
25
. Mee,
The End of Order
, 230.
26
. Floto,
Colonel House in Paris,
84, 215.
27
. Gene Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped: The LastYears ofWoodrow Wilson
(New York, 1964),48–49.
28
. “Wilson’s Neurological Illness at Paris,” pWW, vol. 58, appendix, 608–640. See also Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography,
336–340. Weinstein diagnosed a combination of influenza and brain damage resulting from either the influenza virus or the associated virus of encephalitis lethargica, which can cause personality changes.
29
. Tebbel and Watts,
The Press and the Presidency
, 388.
30
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 292.
31
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 250. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace
, 239–240, 242, points out that at this point, Wilson was not entirely aware of how large the reparations would be. But the president’s interest in economics was minimal—a shame, because half the treaty was concerned with economic issues.
32
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 299 (citing Lloyd George’s Memoirs). Perhaps the most insightful comment on Wilson’s reaction to these defeats is George Kennan’s:“His spirit had . . . been broken in the battle over the Versailles treaty” (George F . Kennan,
Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin
[Boston, 1960], 143). Weinstein calls Wilson’s sudden change in attitude toward the terms of peace a product of his supposed brain damage, which created a false “euphoria.” a more down-to-earth way of describing this emotion might be a what-the-hell attitude. Psychological explanations are equally convincing for Wilson’s surrenders after the illness. Politically, he was a trapped man (Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson,
339–345).
33
. Thompson,
Peace Conference Day by Day
, 305–306.
34
. Lawrence James,
Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India
(New York, 1997), 471–473; and J.M. Winter,
The Experience of World War I
(New York, 1989), 217.
35
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge
, 88 n.
36
. Ibid., 89.
37
. Ward,
Ireland and Anglo-American Relations
, 181.
38
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge,
97–98.
39
. Ward,
Ireland and Anglo-American Relations,
182–183.
40
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge
, 98–99.
41
. Ibid., 100.
42
. Klingaman,
1919
, 292–294.
43
. Watt,
The Kings Depart
, 398–399.
44
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement
, 1:394–399.
45
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace,
249.
46
. Ross,
Propaganda for War
, 256–258; and Francis Nielson,
The Tragedy of Europe: A Diary of the Second World War
(Appleton, Wis., 1940), introduction, 8–9, 13.
47
. Smith,
Triumph of Herbert Hoover,
91; and Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson,
234–235.
48
. Lansing,
The Peace Negotiations
, 272–273.
49
. Watt,
The Kings Depart
, 408; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace
, 288–289.
50
. Watt,
The Kings Depart
, 412–413. The actual motive for delaying the reparations figure was a glimmer of realism on the part of the British and French. Lloyd George and Clemenceau, aware that a realistic figure would severely disappoint the voters, put it off to give them time to prepare their constituents for a reduced figure (Craig,
Germany,
436–437).
51
. Ibid., 417.
52
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 254–255.
53
. Steel,
Walter Lippmann
, 158–159.
54
. Ibid., 159–160; and Knock,
To End All Wars,
257.
55
. Klingaman,
1919,
309–311; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace
, 305.
56
. Watt,
The Kings Depart
, 443–444.
57
. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, 235.
58
. Klingaman,
1919
, 322.
59
. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, 244–245; and Klingaman,
1919
, 310 (White quote).
60
. Watt,
The Kings Depart
, 451–452.
61
. Ibid., 471–472.
62
. Ibid., 486–489, 492.
63
. Ibid., 496; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace
, 301.
64
. Watt,
The Kings Depart
, 496–497.
65
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace,
303.
66
. PWW, 61:292–293.
67
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette,
969.
68
. Klingaman,
1919
, 415–416.
69
. Heckscher,
Woodrow Wilson
, 578.
70
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace
, 307–308.
1
. PWW, 61:401–404.
2
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow,
305.
3
. Ibid., 426–436.
4
. Thomas Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
(New York, 1945), 5–6; and Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 120.
5
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 955.
6
. Bailey,
The Great Betrayal
, 17; and Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 193–195.
7
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 193.
8
. Ibid., 192.
9
. Ibid., 194; and Klingaman,
1919
, 251–252.
10
. Klingaman,
1919
, 441; and Kennedy,
Over Here
, 139, 273–279.
11
. Sullivan,
Our Times,
vol. 5,
Over Here
, 438; Mock and Larson,
Words That Won the War,
331.
12
. Klingaman,
1919
, 423–424; and
New York Times,
July 1, 1919. One of Congress’s leading drys, Republican Congressman Andrew Volstead of Minnesota, argued that demobilization would only become a legal reality when the army’s strength was reduced to 175,000.
13
. Ellis,
Race, War and Surveillance
, 222–223.
14
. Ibid., 225.
15
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 459; and Klingaman,
1919
, 451–453.
16
. Nathan Miller,
F. D.R.:An Intimate History
(New York, 1983), 161–162.
17
. Robert K. Murray,
Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–20
(New York, 1964), 78–79; Klingaman,
1919,
352–353; and Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 456–457.
18
. Ibid., 457–458; and Klingaman,
1919
, 353, 597.
19
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 125.
20
. Widenor,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 313–314; and Duff,
Politics of Revenge
, 148–150.
21
. Widenor,
Henry Cabot Lodge,
317.
22
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 137–138.
23
. Bailey,
The Great Betrayal
, 16.
24
. Duff,
Politics of Revenge
, 156, 165.
25
. Buckley,
The New York Irish
, 248–251; and Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher, eds.,
The New York Irish
(Baltimore, 1996), 360–361. O’Leary helped organize the Women Pickets for the Enforcement of America’s War Aims, a hugely effective group that gave speeches throughout New York, demonstrated at the British embassy in Washington, and persuaded longshoremen to refuse to load British ships.
26
. Duff,
Politics of Revenge
, 123–127.
27
. Ibid., 124.