The Illusion of Victory (88 page)

28
. Ibid., 128–147.

29
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 367.

30
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 311.

31
. Steel,
Walter Lippmann,
163.

32
. Arthur Walworth,
Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919
(New York, 1986), 529.

33
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 156.

34
. Cary T. Grayson,
Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir
(New York 1960), 95.

35
. Kraig,
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost World of the Oratorical Statesman
, 493.

36
. PWW, 63:45–46. The full statement reads as follows:“The real reason that the war we have just finished took place was that Germany was afraid her commercial rivals were going to get the better of her, and the reason why some nations went into the war against Germany was that they thought that Germany would get the commercial advantage of them. . . . This was, in its inception, a commercial and industrial war. It was not a political war.”

37
. Will Brownell and Richard Billings,
So Close to Greatness: A Biography of William C. Bullitt
(New York, 1987), 97–98.

38
. Duff,
Politics of Revenge
, 172–174.

39
. Ibid., 180–181.

40
. Ford,
Americans All
, 138.

41
. George,
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House
, 294–295.

42
. Pringle,
William Howard Taft
, 948.

43
. James Dill Startt,
American Editorial Opinion of Woodrow Wilson and the Main Problems of Peacemaking in 1919
, Ph. D. dissertation (University of Maryland, 1965), 273, exhaustively analyzes the newspaper and magazine support for Wilson to bolster this conclusion.

44
. Clark,
Deliver Us from Evil
, 130–132. After Wilson was incapacitated by a cerebral thrombosis, Tumulty sent a veto of the Volstead Act to Capitol Hill, pretending it came from the president. With no further spoken or written word from Wilson to back it up, the veto was quickly overridden.

45
. Thomas H. O’Connor,
The Boston Irish
(Boston, 1995), 192–193; and Klingaman,
1919
, 498–501.

46
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 183–184.

47
. PWW, 63:500–513.

48
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 187–189; and Bailey,
The Great Betrayal
, 131.

49
. Irwin Hoover,
My Forty-Two Years in the White House
(New York, 1934), 100–101.

50
. Ibid., 102.

51
. Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped
, 96.

52
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 339–340; and Ferrell,
Ill-Advised
, 13–14. Grayson’s medical credentials were not impressive. He had graduated from the College of William and Mary and obtained an M.D. from the University of the South in a one-year course.

53
. Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped
, 99–100.

54
. Wilson,
My Memoir
, 288–289.

55
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow,
344–347.

56
. Hoover,
My Forty-Two Years in the White House
, 103.

57
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 333. See also Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 137.

58
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 215; and Klingaman,
1919
, 577.

59
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era,
221–223.

60
. Renshaw,
The Wobblies
, 209–212; and Dubofsky,
We Shall Be All
, 455.

61
. Walter Lippmann, “Unrest,”
New Republic,
November 12, 1919, 1–2. The disillusioned journalist identified the source of this failure:“The government of the United States resides in the mind of Woodrow Wilson. There are no other centers of decision. Whatever thinking is done, he does. If he is away, the thinking apparatus is away.” He went on to castigate Wilson for neglecting to govern because the treaty of peace had not been ratified. Lippmann called this “a fantastic excuse.”

62
. Klingaman,
1919,
496–498.

63
. Ibid., 520–522; and Dennis Mack Smith,
Mussolini
(New York, 1982), 37.

64
. Craig,
Germany
, 430; and Klingaman,
1919
, 474.

65
. Flood,
Hitler: The Path to Power
, 34–35.

66
. Ibid., 20.

67
. Ibid., 67–69.

68
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow,
380.

69
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 252–257, theorizes that House never sent this document to the White House, but offers no reason for this rather unlikely decision. Walworth,
Wilson and His Peacemakers
, 542, prefers the wastebasket explanation.

70
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 983.

71
. Ibid., 979–981.

72
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 379.

1
. Startt,
American Editorial Opinion,
254, 257.

2
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 231–232.

3
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
4:509–511. See also Walworth,
Wilson and His Peacemakers
, 545.

4
. Walworth,
Wilson and His Peacemakers
, 545.

5
. House Diary, December 22 and 27, 1919.

6
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 289–290; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 214–215.

7
. Walworth,
Wilson and His Peacemakers
, 555–556. Clemenceau ran for president of France in 1921 and was soundly defeated.

8
. Helen Fein,
Imperial Crime and Punishment: The Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh
(Honolulu, 1977), 129–144; and James,
Raj
, 478–480.

9
. Roy Talbert, Jr.,
Negative Intelligence: The Army and the American Left, 1917–1941
(Jackson, Miss., 1991), 191–193.

10
. Klingaman,
1919,
598.

11
. Talbert,
Negative Intelligence
, 194–196.

12
. Steel,
Walter Lippmann
, 167.

13
. Talbert,
Negative Intelligence
, 196–199.

14
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 233–234.

15
. PWW, 64:252–254.

16
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 218–219.

17
. Ibid., 245–246; and Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World,
324–325.

18
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 425.

19
. John Maynard Keynes,
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
(New York, 1920), 39ff.

20
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 252–253. A year later, in the Treaty of Rapallo, Italy and Yugoslavia agreed to make Fiume an independent free state. In 1924, Benito Mussolini, the new fascist dictator of Italy, annexed it.

21
. Ibid., 225–226.

22
. PWW, 65:8–13.

23
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 435–436; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 262.

24
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge
, 221.

25
. J. Leonard Bates,
Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana
(Urbana, Ill., 1999), 183–184.

26
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 267.

27
. Ibid., 280. Refusing to sign a bill, called a pocket veto, is the president’s final resort against legislation he disapproves. He uses it when he knows or fears a veto would be overridden.

28
. Flood,
Hitler: The Path to Power
, 91–98.

29
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 288.

30
. Ibid., 291–292.

31
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
270.

32
. Ibid., 271.

33
. Vandiver,
Black Jack
, 1047–1051.

34
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
272.

35
. O’Connor,
Black Jack Pershing
, 348–349.

36
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
272.

37
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 382–383.

38
. Ibid., 383–384.

39
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 394.

40
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow
, 441.

41
. Hoover,
My Forty-Two Years in the White House,
107–108.

42
. Heckscher,
Woodrow Wilson
, 628.

43
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 309.

44
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 243–244.

45
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 310; Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World,
386; and Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 243–244.

46
. Heckscher,
Woodrow Wilson
, 633. A third term was not an entirely new idea, the product of the president’s damaged mind. On April 18, 1918, Colonel House asked Admiral Grayson if Wilson could stand another four years in the White House. Grayson said he might last another ten years if nothing “untoward” happened. On August 16, House “sounded him [Wilson] out on another term.” House said his “long experience” had enabled him to see evidence of a candidate deciding to run when he was “no more than half aware of it.” the colonel was apparently trying to make Wilson aware of this ultimate ambition. House Diary, April 18 and August 16, 1918.

47
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 496–498.

48
. Francis L. Paxon,
American Democracy and the World War,
vol. 3,
Postwar Years, Normalcy, 1918–23
(New York, 1966), 157–159.

49
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era,
245–247.

50
. Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped,
163.

51
. Heckscher,
Woodrow Wilson
, 635; and Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped,
161–162.

52
. Levin,
Edith and Woodrow,
452.

53
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 514.

54
. Ibid., 514–515; and Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped
, 165.

55
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 318–319.

56
. Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped
, 167.

57
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge
, 258.

58
. Ibid., 260–261.

59
. Ibid., 262–264.

60
. Ibid., 264.

61
. Ibid., 265–266.

62
. Ibid., 267.

63
. Mark Sullivan,
Our Times, The United States, 1900–1925,
vol. 6,
The Twenties
(New York: 1923), 130; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 322.

64
. Davis,
FDR:The Beckoning of Destiny
, 621; and Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 535.

65
. Ibid., 620; and Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal
(New York, 1954), 84.

66
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 326–329; and Sullivan,
Our Times
, vol. 6,
The Twenties,
121–122.

67
. Sullivan,
Our Times
, vol. 6,
The Twenties,
124–25.

68
. Duff,
Politics of Revenge
, 278–279; and Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era,
252.

69
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge
, 280.

70
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 544; and Duff,
The Politics of Revenge,
280.