Authors: Samuel Hawley
[739]
Yu Song-nyong, 223.
[740]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 23, 135-136 (14/1/Sonjo 31; Feb. 19, 1598).
[741]
This account of the Battle of Tosan is derived from
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 23, 100-138 passim (28/12/Sonjo 30 to 16/1/Sonjo 31; Feb. 3-21, 1598);
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 130-131 (12/Sonjo 30; Jan. 1598); Yu Song-nyong, 222-224; Yang Jae-suk,
Imjin waeran
, 350-353; Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1045-1046; Griffis,
Corea
, 137-144; Hulbert, vol. 2, 35-37; Goodrich, vol. 1, 170.
[742]
Ledyard, “Confucianism,” 93, n. 29.
[743]
Asano Yukinaga (also called Yoshinaga) to Asano Nagamasa, 11/1/Keicho 3 (Feb. 16, 1598), in Brown, 241.
[744]
Elison, “Keinen,” 26-27.
[745]
Ibid., 38.
[746]
Griffis,
Corea
, 143.
Chapter 28: “Even Osaka Castle is only a dream”
[747]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 133 (2/Sonjo 31; Mar. 1598); Goodrich, vol. 1, 170.
[748]
Ledyard, “Confucianism,” 86-87.
[749]
Letter from Ukita Hideie and twelve other daimyo to Hideyoshi’s representatives Ishida Mitsunari, Natsuka Masaie, Mashita Uemon, and Maeda Gen’i, 26/1/Keicho 3 (Mar. 3, 1598), Elisonas, “Trinity,” 287, footnote 75.
[750]
Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1726 (Yi also lists a secondary 1,000-man unit at Pusan under Terazawa Masanori); Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 217; Berry, 233; Murdoch, 357.
[751]
Yi Pun, 230;
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 22, 254 (20/10/Sonjo 30; Nov. 28, 1597); Diary entry for 16/11/Chongyu (Dec. 24, 1597), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 330.
[752]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 23, 279-280 (18/3/Sonjo 31; April 23, 1598).
[753]
Ibid
.
, vol. 24, 5-6 (3/4/Sonjo 31; May 7, 1598).
[754]
Yi Sun-sin’s report to Seoul, ibid
.
, vol. 23, 279-280 (18/3/Sonjo 31; April 23, 1598).
[755]
Yu Song-nyong, 217-218.
[756]
Yi gives little information in his war diary of what shipbuilding activity was going on under his command, but it is clear that work was taking place, for in his entry on 10/12/Chongyu (Jan. 16, 1598) he mentions that “I went to the shipbuilding yard,” and on 2/1/Musul (Feb. 7, 1598) that “At dawn a new warship was completed” (Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 333 and 337).
[757]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 23, 235 (22/2/Sonjo 31; Mar. 28, 1598).
[758]
Ibid., vol. 23, 305 (29/3/Sonjo 31; May 4, 1598);
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 133 (3/Sonjo 31; April-May, 1598).
[759]
Goodrich, vol. 1, 169-170.
[760]
Huang, “Lung-ch’ing,” 573.
[761]
Goodrich, vol. 1, 167-169.
[762]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 24, 7-9 (5-6/4/Sonjo 31; May 9-10, 1598);
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 136 (6/Sonjo 31; July, 1598).
[763]
Yi Pun, 232; Yang Jae-suk,
Imjin waeran
, 357.
[764]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 23, 303-304 (27 and 29/3/Sonjo 31; May 2 and 4, 1598).
[765]
Hideyoshi to Gomoji, 17/6/Keicho 3 (July 20, 1598), in Boscaro,
Letters
, 76.
[766]
Berry, 234.
[767]
Oath of loyalty dated 15/7/Keicho 3 (Aug. 16, 1598), ibid., 234-235.
[768]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 136 (6/Sonjo 31; July 1598).
[769]
Ledyard, “Confucianism,” 87-90; Huang, “Lung-ch’ing,” 573; Hulbert, vol. 2, 39.
[770]
Goodrich, vol. 2, 964- 965.
[771]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 24, 209-210 (28/6/Sonjo 31; July 30, 1598).
[772]
Ibid
.
, vol. 24, 222-223 (3/7/Sonjo 31; Aug. 4, 1598).
[773]
Ibid., vol. 24, 210 (28/6/Sonjo 31; July 30, 1598).
[774]
Yu Song-nyong, 218.
[775]
Yi Pun, 232-233;
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 24, 314 (13/8/Sonjo 31; Sept. 13, 1598).
[776]
Yi Pun, 233-234;
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 103 (5/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 3, 1598); Jho Sung-do, 208-210; Park Yune-hee, 228-230.
[777]
Hideyoshi to Ieyasu, Chikuzen, Terumoto, Kagekatsu, and Hideie, 5/8/Keicho 3 (Sept. 5, 1598), in Boscaro,
Letters
, 77.
[778]
Ibid., 77-78. An alternate translation in Berry, 235, reads, “My life / Came like dew / Disappears like dew. / All of Naniwa / Is dream after dream.”
Chapter 29: The Last Act
[779]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 24, 248-249 (11/7/Sonjo 31; Aug. 12, 1598);
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 140 (7/Sonjo 31; Aug. 1598).
[780]
Goodrich, vol. 2, 1451-1452;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 158 (10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 1598);
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 182 (25/11/Sonjo 31; Dec. 22, 1598).
[781]
The Five Regents (
go-tairo
) were Tokugawa Ieyasu, Maeda Toshiie, Mori Terumoto, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and Ukita Hideie. The Five Commissioners (
go-bugyo
) ranked just below them were Ishida Mitsunari, Natsuka Masaie, Mashita Nagamori, Asano Nagamasa, and Maeda Gen’i.
[782]
Letter from the Five Commissioners to Nabeshima Naoshige, 25/8/Keicho 3 (Sept. 25, 1598); letter from Mashita Nagamori (one of the Five Commissioners) to Shimazu Yoshihiro, same date, in Elisonas, “Trinity,” 288.
[783]
Ibid., 288-289.
[784]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 120-121 (12/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 10, 1598); Yang Jae-suk,
Dashi ssunun
, vol. 2, 242-243; Goodrich, vol. 1, 171, and vol. 2, 966; Yang Jae-suk,
Imjin waeran
, 356.
[785]
Yang Jae-suk,
Imjin waeran
, 357.
[786]
Goodrich, vol. 1, 170.
[787]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 24, 305 (9/8/Sonjo 31; Sept. 9, 1598).
[788]
Ibid
., vol. 24, 329 (24/8/Sonjo 31; Sept. 24, 1598).
[789]
Ledyard, “Confucianism,” 87 and 91-93.
[790]
Ibid., 94.
[791]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 32 (21/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 20, 1598).
[792]
Ibid., vol. 25, 33-35 (21/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 20, 1598).
[793]
Ibid., vol. 25, 39 (22/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 21, 1598).
[794]
Ibid., vol. 25, 60 (25/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 24, 1598); Ledyard, “Confucianism,” 100-101.
[795]
Ledyard, “Confucianism,” 103-104.
[796]
Ibid., 112-114.
[797]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 73 (27/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 26, 1598) and 89 (30/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 29, 1598); Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1086.
[798]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 95 (2/10/Sonjo 31; Oct. 31, 1598) and 103 (4/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 2, 1598).
[799]
Ibid., vol. 25, 120 (12/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 10, 1598).
[800]
Seikan roku
, in Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 220.
[801]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 125 (16/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 14, 1598); Murdoch, 358; Hulbert, vol. 2, 46; Turnbull,
Samurai Sourcebook
, 249-250.
[802]
This figure of 38,700 is referred to in a letter of appreciation sent from the Five Regents (Tokugawa Ieyasu and others) to Shimazu Yoshihiro, 9/1/Keicho 4 (Feb. 4, 1599), in Cho Chung-hwa,
Paro chapun,
164.
[803]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 114 (8/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 6, 1598) and 116 (10/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 8, 1598).
[804]
Ibid., vol. 25, 125 (16/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 14, 1598).
[805]
Sin Heum, “Sangchonjip,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 265.
[806]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 13 (7/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 6, 1598).
[807]
Ibid., vol. 25, 69 (26/9/Sonjo 31; Oct. 25, 1598); Hulbert, vol. 2, 47.
[808]
Diary entries for 20-22/9/Musul (Oct. 19-21, 1598), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 338-339.
[809]
Diary entry for 3/10/Musul (Nov. 1, 1598), ibid., 340-341; Report from Commander-in-Chief Kwon Yul in
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 116 (10/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 8, 1598); Report from Yi Sun-sin in
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 122 (13/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 11, 1598); Sin Heum, “Sangchonjip,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 268; Jho Sung-do, 215-216; Goodrich, vol. 1, 171; Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 224-225.
[810]
Report from Yi Dok-hyong in
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 119-120 (12/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 10, 1598); Sim Heum, “Sangchonjip,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 268-269.
[811]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 120 (12/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 10, 1598); diary entry for 6/10/Musul (Nov. 4, 1598), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 341.
[812]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 96 (2/10/Sonjo 31; Oct. 31, 1598) and 128 (20/10/Sonjo 31; Nov. 18, 1598); Goodrich, vol. 1, 171.
[813]
The Wanli emperor’s imperial edict, in Kuno, vol. 1, 172-173.
[814]
According to Aston, 61, news of Hideyoshi’s death on September 18, 1598 reached his commanders in Korea a week after the Battle of Sachon, in other words in early November.
[815]
Sansom, 389.
[816]
Goodrich, vol. 1, 171.
[817]
Ibid., vol. 2, 968.
[818]
Diary entries for 8-13/11/Musul (Dec. 5-10, 1598), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 342.
[819]
Jho Sung-do, 218-219.
[820]
Yi Pun, 235-236; Park Yune-hee, 238-240; Jho Sung-do, 219-221.
[821]
Ahn Bang-jun, “Noryang kisa,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 272-273.
[822]
The figure of three hundred Japanese ships is given by Korean government minister Yi Dok-hyong, who was at Sunchon with General Liu Ting at the time and thus near the scene of the battle, in the report that he sent to Seoul just days after the event (
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 25, 187-188 [27/11/Sonjo 31; Dec. 24, 1598]). Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1117-1118, gives the higher figure of five hundred ships, manned by 12,000 troops.
[823]
Yang Jae-suk,
Dashi ssunun
, vol. 2, 256 and 259-260; Goodrich, vol. 1, 173-174.
[824]
Dividing the number of men in Shimazu’s fleet (12,000) by the number of his ships (300) gives an average of 40 men per ship, suggesting that many of the Japanese vessels in the Noryang battle must have been quite small.
[825]
Sin Kyong, “Chaejobonbangji,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 273-274; Goodrich, vol. 1, 172.
[826]
Jho Sung-do, 224.
[827]
Cho Chung-hwa,
Paro chapun
, 174.
[828]
Ahn Bang-jun, “Noryang kisa,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 275-276.