The Science of Language (47 page)

Authors: Noam Chomsky

Turing
,
Alan
(
1950
)
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence.”
Mind
59
:
433
–460.

Turing
,
Alan
(
1992
)
Collected Works of Alan Turing: Morphogenesis
. Ed.
P. T.
Saunders
.
Amsterdam
:
North Holland
.

Tversky
,
Amos
and
Daniel
Kahneman
(
1974
)
“Judgment under Uncertainty.”
Science, New Series
185
(4157):
1124
–1131.

Waddington
,
Conrad H.
(
1940
)
Organisers and Genes
.
Cambridge University Press
.

Waddington
,
Conrad H.
(
1942
)
“Canalization of Development and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters.”
Nature
150
:
563
–565.

Warrington
,
Elizabeth K.
and
S. J.
Crutch
(
2005
)
“Abstract and Concrete Concepts Have Structurally Different Representational Frameworks.”
Brain
128
:
615
–627.

Weckerly
,
J.
and
J. L.
Elman
(
1992
)
“A PDP Approach to Processing Center-Embedded Sentences.”
In
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
.
Hillsdale, NJ
:
Erlbaum
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Wernet
,
Ph.
,
D.
Nordlund
,
U.
Bergmann
,
M.
Cavalleri
,
M.
Odelius
,
H.
Ogasawara
,
L.
Å.
Naslund
,
T. K.
Hirsch
,
L.
Ojamäe
,
P.
Glatzel
,
L. G. M.
Pettersson
, and
A.
Nilsson
(
2004
) “The Structure of the First Coordination Shell in Liquid Water.”
Science
online, 1 April 2004.

Wittgenstein
,
Ludwig
(
1922
)
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
. Trans.
C. K.
Ogden
(prepared with assistance from G. E. Moore, F. P. Ramsey, and L. Wittgenstein).
London
:
Routledge & Kegan Paul
. (Parallel edition including the German text on the facing page to the English text: 1981.)

Wittgenstein
,
Ludwig
(
1953
)
Philosophical Investigations
. Trans.
Elizabeth
Anscombe
.
Oxford
:
Blackwell
.

Yang
,
Charles
(
2002
)
Knowledge and Learning in Natural Language
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.

Yang
,
Charles
(
2004
)
“Universal Grammar, Statistics, or Both?”
Trends in Cognitive Science
8
(10):
451
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Zubavicus
,
Yan
and
Michael
Grunze
(
2004
)
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304
(5673), 14 May.

Index

abduction
168
,
183
,
246
,
248

acquisition of language
225
,
244
adequate explanation of
22
,
60
,
149
,
235
,
244
,
245
,
246
behaviorist view of
222
,
224
and biological development
59
and canalization
39
early timing of
55
,
56
and the format of language
82
and grammar
24
and linguistic theory
24
and parameters
97
and poverty of the stimulus
23
and semantics
193
study of
84
universal principles of
245

activism
119

adaptation
157
,
169
evidence for
170
,
172

adaptationism
68
,
171
,
172

adjunction
201
,
234
,
264

agency
124–128

algorithms
64
,
166

altruism
104
,
106

animal communication systems
12
,
20
,
33
,
197
,
262

animals, and concepts
26
,
30
,
33
,
203

Ariew, André
277

Aristotle
26
,
162
,
163

articulatory system
69

Austin, John
129
,
160

baboons
143
,
202

Baker, Mark
39
,
55
,
83
,
241

bees
20
,
106

behavior, study of
138–151
,
286

behaviorism
66
,
89
,
186
,
285
criticism of
285
and evolution
173
and language acquisition
222
,
225
,
282
,
284
and learning
180

belief
138
,
140
I-beliefs
153–156
irrational
140
religious
141
study of
139

Berkeley
127

Bilgrami, Akeel
113

binding theory
37
,
237
,
238
,
276
,
290

biolinguistics
5
,
91
,
246

biological limits
133–137

biological systems, properties of
22

biology
157
autonomy of
175
explanation in
158
folk biology
223
function-for-an-organism
169–174
functions in
174–175

Bloom, Paul
166
,
170
,
172
,
176

Boltzmann, Ludwig
18

Borer, Hagit
166
,
194
,
229

Boyle, Robert
67

Bracken, Harry
114

Braille
44

brain
60
See also
cognitive faculties
evolution of
49
size of
54
structures of
48

bricolage
24
,
243

British Empire
121
,
122

Brody, Michael
83

Burge, Tyler
130
,
289

Butterworth, Brian
16

Byrd, Robert
123

c-command
79
,
232–238
,
276

canalization
39–45
,
96
,
239–242
,
278
,
279
,
286
and parameters
45
,
276–277

Carey, Sue
72
,
97
,
128

Carnap, Rudolf
250

Carroll, Sean B.
279

Carruthers, Peter
162

causation
141
,
193
,
198

chemistry
19
,
65
,
73
,
88
,
156

Cherniak, Christopher
60
,
277

children
acquisition of language
56
,
244–246
dysarthria
43
language capacities of
70
speech production
281
Williams Syndrome
46

Chomsky, Carol
44–45

Chomsky, Noam
influence of
2
intellectual contribution of
76–79
,
285
on natural science
183–185
and Nelson Goodman
86–92
personal relationship with Goodman
91–92
role of simplicity in his work
80–85

Church, Alonzo
64

Churchland, Patricia
212

cognitive development
70

cognitive faculties
1
,
154
,
179
,
202
,
212
,
259
,
260
,
267
,
271
,
280
biological basis of
103
,
172
distinctiveness of human
178
evolution of
78
limits of
97
,
133
,
134
,
146
,
184
,
189
,
247
,
289
,
290
predetermination of
98
and truth
136

cognitive science
127
,
247

Collins, John
277

color
247–248
adverbial account of
258
,
260
science of
192
,
247
,
257
,
259

common sense
73
,
124–128
,
180
,
189
,
209
,
211
,
259
,
280
concepts
161
,
271
,
272
,
284
understanding of functions
158–166

communication
11–20
,
44
,
50
,
51
,
164
,
166
,
176
animal communication systems
12
,
20
,
33
,
197
,
262
evolution of
20
,
58

computation
31–32
,
65
,
161
,
174
,
195
,
213
,
281–282
efficiency of
39
,
60
,
61
,
148
linguistic
265
optimal
62
phases of
278

concepts
26
,
202
,
267
acquisition of
200
,
230
,
268
adverbial account of
260
of animals
203
artifact concepts
162
,
284
atomic
34
,
275
Chomsky's views on
188
common sense
267
commonsense concepts
126
,
161
,
267
,
271
,
284
complexity of
201
compositional character of
190
,
194
,
268
errors in thinking about
186–196
and externalism
220
I-concepts
153–156
innateness
284
and internalism
198
,
255–257
intrinsic content of
199
lexical concepts
190
linguistic expression of
197
,
203
,
230
location of
260
nature of human
77
,
177
,
230
,
268
,
274
,
284
origin of
26
properties of
40
,
204
and reasoning
180
relational
35
scientific
184
,
279
theories of
186–194
,
196
under- or overspecification of
193
,
195
uniqueness of human concepts
21–30
,
33–35
,
196–205
,
263