Authors: Matthew M. Aid
14. Carter background from biographical data sheet, Lt. General Marshall S. Carter, USA; “Commander, Diplomat, Executive Ends
Distinguished Military Career,”
NSA Newsletter
, July 1969, p. 4, NSA FOIA.
15. David Wise and Thomas B. Ross,
The Invisible Government
(New York: Vintage Books, 1974), p. 198; David C. Martin,
Wilderness of Mirrors
(New York: Harper and Row, 1980), p. 118; Doris M. Condit,
History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense
, vol. 2,
The Test of War, 1950–1953
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1988), p. 484; Dino Brugioni,
Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile
Crisis
(New York: Random House, 1990), pp. 85–86; Bruce Lambert, “Marshall Carter, 83, Intelligence Official and Marshall Aide,”
New York Times
, February 20, 1993.
16. Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 2, p. 358.
17. “Poisoned the atmosphere” quote from Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 2, p. 359.
18. Memorandum, Duckett to D/DCI/NIPE,
DCI Report on the Community to the President’s Foreign Intelligence
Advisory Board
, September 1968, pp. 3–4, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP71R00140A000100050001-0, NA, CP; memorandum, ASA/D/DCI/NIPE
to Bross,
SIGINT
Collection Requirements
, December 2, 1969, p. 1, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80B01138A000100080014-1, NA, CP; “Information Support to Intelligence
Production: The Reality and the Dream,”
Cryptologic Spectrum
, vol. 10, no. 4 (Fall 1980): p. 4, NSA FOIA; Scott D. Breckinridge,
The CIA and the U.S. Intelligence System
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986), p. 58.
19. “U.S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir,”
Ramparts
, August 1972, pp. 43–44; Chet Flippo, “Can the CIA Turn Students into Spies?,”
Rolling Stone
, March 11, 1976, p. 30.
20. CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, CAESAR XXXVIII, intelligence report,
Soviet Policy and the 1967
Arab-Israeli War
, March 16, 1970, pp. 3–4, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, http://www.foia.cia.gov/ cpe.asp; William D. Gerhard and Henry
W. Millington,
Attack on a Sigint Collector, the
U.S.S. Liberty
(Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 1981), p. 1, NSA FOIA.
21. Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, pp. 2–3.
22. CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, CAESAR XXXVIII, intelligence report,
Soviet Policy and the
1967 Arab-Israeli War
, March 16, 1970, p. 5, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, http://www.foia.cia.gov/cpe.asp.
23. Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, pp. 2–3.
24. USAFSS History Office,
A Special Historical Study of the Production and Use of Special Intelligence
During World Contingencies: 1950–1970
, March 1, 1972, pp. 95, 97, declassified through FOIA by the National Security Archive, Washington, DC.
25.
Briefing Notes for Director of Central Intelligence Helms for Use at a White House Meeting
, May 23, 1967, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80R01580A0010210001-5, NA, CP; message, 231729Z, DIRNSA to JCS/Joint
Reconnaissance Center, May 23, 1967, NSA FOIA; USAFSS History Office,
A Special Historical Study of the Production and Use of Special Intelligence
During World Contingencies: 1950–1970
, March 1, 1972, pp. 97–98, declassified through FOIA by the National Security Archive, Washington, DC; Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, p. 3; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 2, p. 428; J. L. Freshwater [William K. Parmenter], “Policy and Intelligence: The Arab-Israeli War,”
Studies in Intelligence
, Winter 1969, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79T01762A000500040020-8, NA, CP.
26. Message, ADP/224-67, DIRNSA to JCS, “Diversion of USS Liberty,” May 23, 1967, NSA FOIA; Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, pp. 5, 13; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 2, p. 429. For U.S. Army Communications Support Unit, see Department of the Army, Asst Chief of Staff for Force Development,
Active Army Troop List
, part 4, June 1968, p. 3, copy in U.S. Army Center of Military History Library, Washington, DC.
27. Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, pp. 10–12; Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron Two,
Aviation
Historical Summary: Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron Two (VQ-2): 1 Jan 1967 to 31 Dec 1967
, March 4, 1969, p. 4, U.S. Navy FOIA.
28. USAFSS History Office,
A Special Historical Study of the Production and Use of Special Intelligence
During World Contingencies: 1950–1970
, March 1, 1972, pp. 97–98, declassified through FOIA by the National Security Archive, Washington, DC.
29. Ibid., p. 98.
30. “U.S. Electronic Espionage,” pp. 43–44.
31. Oral history,
Interview with Philip Merrill
, January 22, 1997, Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
32. The description of this incident is taken from “Kagnew Station, Asmara, Eritrea,” undated, http://www.cdstrand.com/ areas/kagnew.htm.
33. Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, p. 3.
34. “Arab States-Israel,”
President’s Daily Brief
, June 5, 1967, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000382247, http://www.foia.cia.gov; memorandum for the record,
Walt Ros-tow’s
Recollections of June 5, 1967
, November 17, 1968, National Security File, NSC Histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 3, LBJL, Austin, TX; Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, p. 3.
35. CIA, Office of Current Intelligence, memorandum,
The Arab-Israeli War: Who Fired the First Shot
, June 5, 1967, pp. 1–2, National Security File, Country File: Middle East Crisis, Situations Reports, LBJL, Austin, TX; memorandum
for the record,
Walt Rostow’s Recollections of June 5, 1967
, November 17, 1968, p. 2, National Security File, NSC Histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 3, LBJL, Austin, TX.
36. Crispin Aubrey,
Who’s Watching You? Britain’s Security Services and the Official Secrets Act
(London: Penguin Books, 1981), p. 142.
37. David Leigh,
The Frontiers of Secrecy
(London: Junction Books, 1980), p. 191; Duncan Campbell, “Crisis in the Gulf 3: Inside Story: Under U.S. Eyes; The West Has
a Hidden Advantage over Iraq,”
Independent
, September 30, 1990.
38. For the number of Soviet supply flights, see CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, ESAU XXXIX, intelligence report,
Annex: The Sino-Soviet Dispute on Aid to North Vietnam (1965–1968)
, November 25, 1968, p. 63n, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, http://www.foia.cia.gov/cpe.asp; NIE 11-6-84,
Soviet Global Military Reach
, November 1984, p. 129, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000278544, http:// www.foia.cia.gov.
39. NSA OH-15-80, oral history,
Interview with Robert L. Wilson
, May 6, 1980, p. 10, NSA February 2007 USS Liberty Release.
40. “Arab States-Israel,”
President’s Daily Brief
, June 7, 1967, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000382249, http://www.foia.cia.gov; “Arab States-Israel,”
President’s Daily
Brief
, June 9, 1967, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000382251, http:// www.foia.cia.gov.
41. The best single account of the Israeli attack on the USS
Liberty
remains James M. Ennes Jr.,
Assault
on the Liberty
(New York: Random House, 1979). The Israeli version of events is contained in Hirsh Goodman and Zeev Schiff, “The Attack on
the Liberty,”
Atlantic Monthly
, September 1984, pp. 78–84. For the SIGINT aspects of the
Liberty
incident, see Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, pp. 18, 26; 2nd Radio Battalion, FMF,
Command Chronology, 2nd Radio Battalion, FMF: January
1, 1967–June 30, 1967
, U.S. Marine Corps Historical Center, Quantico, VA. The literature on whether the Israeli attack was an accident or deliberate
is voluminous and getting larger every day. See, for example, Reverdy S. Fishel, “The Attack on the Liberty: An ‘Accident’?,”
Journal of
Intelligence and Counterintelligence
, vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 1995): p. 349.
42. CIA, intelligence memorandum,
The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty
, June 13, 1967, p. 3, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001359216, http://www.foia.cia.gov.
43. Ibid.; USAFSS History Office,
A Special Historical Study of the Production and Use of Special Intelligence
During World Contingencies: 1950–1970
, March 1, 1972, p. 102, declassified through FOIA by the National Security Archive, Washington, DC.
44. For Kosygin’s June 10, 1967, message, see message, Kosygin to Johnson, June 19, 1967, National Security File, Head of
State Correspondence, USSR, Washington-Moscow “Hot Line” Exchange, LBJL, Austin, TX. See also Lyndon Baines Johnson,
The Vantage Point: Perspectives of
the Presidency: 1963–1969
(New York: Holt, 1971), p. 302; L. Wainstein,
Some Aspects of the U.S.
Involvement in the Middle East Crisis, May–June 1967
(Washington, DC: Institute for Defense Analysis, 1968), p. 123, DoD FOIA Reading Room, Pentagon, Washington, DC. Helms quote
from Robert M. Hathaway and Russell Jack Smith,
Richard Helms as Director of Central Intelligence:
1966–1973
(Washington, DC: CIA History Staff, 1993), p. 142. For NSA being placed on alert, see Gerhard and Millington,
Attack
, p. 4.
45. Letter, Carroll to Helms, August 28, 1967, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79 B00972A000100070003-1, NA, CP; SC
No. 10088/67, memorandum,
Large-Scale Soviet Military
Exercise [deleted]
, undated but circa late August 1967, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79B00972A000100070001-3, NA, CP; TCS 95801/75,
K. F. Spielmann Jr.,
The Evolution of
Soviet Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945–72
(Washington, DC: Institute for Defense Analysis, 1975), p. 271, National Security Archive, Washington, DC.
46. Robert E. Newton,
The Capture of the USS Pueblo and Its Effect on SIGINT Operations
, vol. 7 Special Series, Crisis Collection (Fort Meade: Center for Cryptologic History, 1992), p. 11, DOCID 3075778, NSA FOIA;
U.S. House of Representatives, Armed Services Committee,
Hearings Regarding Inquiry into the U.S.S. Pueblo and EC-121 Incidents
, 91st Congress, 1st session, 1969, p. 636; U.S. House of Representatives, Armed Services Committee, H.A.S.C. No. 91-12,
Report of Inquiry into the U.S.S. Pueblo and EC-121 Plane Incidents
, 91st Congress, 1st session, 1969, pp. 1632–33; Trevor Armbrister,
A Matter of Accountability: The True Story of the
Pueblo Affair
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1970), pp. 82–85.
47. Newton,
USS Pueblo
, p. 12; historical fact sheet, USS Banner (AGER-1), Ships Histories Division, Naval Historical Center, Washington, DC. For
a description of the Sod Hut, see Dan Hearn, “A Career Built on SIGINT,”
American Intelligence Journal
, Spring/Summer 1994: p. 68. “Least unsuitable” quote from Armbrister,
Matter of Accountability
, pp. 85–86.
48. Commander-in-Chief, Pacific,
CINCPAC Command History 1966
, vol. 1, pp. 89–90; Commander-in-Chief, Pacific,
CINCPAC Command History 1968
, vol. 4, pp. 230–31, sanitized copies of both at U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, DC; Packard,
U.S. Naval Intelligence
, p. 115; Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper, USN (Ret.),
Mobility, Support, Endurance: A Story of
Naval Operational Logistics in the Vietnam War, 1965–1968
(Washington, DC: Naval History Division, 1972), pp. 220–21; Joseph F. Bouchard, “Use of Naval Force in Crises: A Theory of
Stratified Crisis Interaction,” vol. 1 (Ph. D. diss., Stamford University, 1989), p. 331.
49. U.S. House of Representatives, Armed Services Committee,
Hearings Regarding Inquiry into
the U.S.S. Pueblo and EC-121 Incidents
, 91st Congress, 1st session, 1969, pp. 636–38; U.S. House of Representatives, Armed Services Committee, H.A.S.C. No. 91-12,
Report of Inquiry
into the U.S.S. Pueblo and EC-121 Plane Incidents
, 91st Congress, 1st session, 1969, pp. 1646– 49; Hooper,
Mobility, Support, Endurance
, pp. 222–25.
50. The most detailed description of all aspects of the USS
Pueblo
’s mission and seizure by the North Koreans can be found in Newton,
USS Pueblo
, p. 3. See also Commander-in-Chief, Pacific,
CINCPAC Command History 1968
, vol. 4, p. 229, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, DC;
Central Intelligence Bulletin
, January 23, 1968, p. 4, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000265983, http://www.foia.cia.gov.
51. U.S. House of Representatives, Armed Services Committee,
Hearings Regarding Inquiry into the
U.S.S. Pueblo and EC-121 Incidents
, 91st Congress, 1st session, 1969, pp. 692, 698; U.S. House of Representatives, Armed Services Committee, Report No. 91-12,
Report of the Special Subcommittee
on the U.S.S. Pueblo: Inquiry into the U.S.S. Pueblo and EC-121 Incidents
, 91st Congress, 1st session, 1969, pp. 1654–56. CIA memo quote from memorandum, Smith to Director of Central Intelligence,
JRC Monthly Reconnaissance Schedule for January 1968
, January 2, 1968, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001458144, http://www.foia.cia.gov.
52. CIA,
The Pueblo Incident: Briefing Materials for Ambassador Ball’s Committee
, February 5, 1968, p. 1, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000267787, http://www.foia.cia.gov.
53. Letter, Goldberg to President of U.N. Security Council, January 25, 1968, in
Department of State
Bulletin
, February 12, 1968, pp. 195–96.
54. Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 2, p. 439.