Authors: Matthew M. Aid
34. U.S. Pacific Fleet,
Command History of the Commander in Chief U.S. Pacific Fleet: CY 1979
, 1980, p. 32, CINCPACFLT FOIA; Jeffrey T. Richelson,
The U.S. Intelligence Community
, 3rd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 204–05; Ivan Amato,
Pushing the Horizon
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1998), p. 202; Anthony Kenden, “U.S. Reconnaissance Satellite Programs,”
Space-flight
, vol. 20, no. 7 (1978): pp. 257–58; Philip J. Klass, “Aircraft Ocean Surveillance Role Studied,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology
, May 8, 1972, p. 26; “Navy Ocean Surveillance Satellite Depicted,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology
, May 24, 1976, p. 25; “Expanded Ocean Surveillance Effort Set,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology
, July 10, 1978, pp. 22–23; “NASA Souvenir Spills Navy Satellite Secrets,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology
, October 22, 1984, p. 20; Major A. Andronov, “The U.S. Navy’s ‘White Cloud’ Spaceborne ELINT System,”
Zarubezhnoye Voyen-noye
Obozreniye
, no. 7, 1993: pp. 57–60.
35. Christopher Ford and David Rosenberg,
The Admiral’s Advantage: U.S. Navy Operational Intelligence
in World War II and the Cold War
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 62.
36. U.S. Senate,
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect
to Intelligence Activities
, 94th Congress, 2nd session, bk. 1, 1976, p. 85;
CIA: The Pike Report
(London: Spokesman Books, 1977), p. 141.
37. United States European Command,
Historical Report 1973
, 1974, p. 295, National Security Archive, Washington, DC; U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Intelligence,
U.S. Intelligence Agencies and Activities: The Per formance of the Intelligence Community
, 94th Congress, 2nd session, part 2, 1975, pp. 678–81; William Colby and Peter Forbath,
Honorable
Men
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), pp. 434–35; confidential interviews.
38. TS 204127, memorandum,
Proficiency of Egyptian Air Force and Air Defense Personnel
, July 13, 1973, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP75B00380R000200050087-4, NA, CP.
39. Memorandum, National Security Council Staff to Kissinger,
Indications of Arab Intentions to
Initiate Hostilities
, circa May 1973, Nixon Presidential Materials Project, Henry Kissinger Office Files, box 135, file Rabin/Kissinger (Dinitz)
1973 Jan–July (2 of 3), NA, CP; Intelligence Community Staff,
The Per formance of the Intelligence Community Before the Arab-Israeli War of October
1973: A Preliminary Post-Mortem Report
, December 1973, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001331429, http://www.foia.cia.gov; U.S. House of Representatives,
Select Committee on Intelligence,
U.S. Intelligence Agencies and Activities: The Performance of
the Intelligence Community
, 94th Congress, 1st session, part 2, 1975, pp. 658–59, 680–81;
Pike
Report
, pp. 143, 147; Marvin L. Kalb and Bernard Kalb,
Kissinger
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), p. 454; Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1982), p. 475; Daniel O. Graham,
Confessions of a Cold Warrior
(Fairfax, VA: Preview Press, 1995), p. 77; “Eavesdropping,”
U.S. News & World Report
, p. 47.
40. Intelligence Community Staff,
The Per formance of the Intelligence Community Before the Arab-
Israeli War of October 1973: A Preliminary Post-Mortem Report
, December 1973, p. i, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001331429, http://www.foia.cia.gov; U.S. House of Representatives,
Select Committee on Intelligence,
U.S. Intelligence Agencies and Activities:
The Performance of the Intelligence Community
, 94th Congress, 1st session, part 2, 1975, pp. 658–59, 680–81;
Pike Report,
pp. 143, 147.
41. Norman Klar,
Confessions of a Code Breaker (Tales from Decrypt)
(privately published, 2004), p. 280.
42. Intelligence Community Staff,
The Performance of the Intelligence Community Before the Arab-Israeli
War of October 1973: A Preliminary Post-Mortem Report
, December 1973, p. i, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001331429, http://www.foia.cia.gov; Richard W. Shyrock,
“The Intelligence Community Post-Mortem Program, 1973–1975,”
Studies in Intelligence
, RG-263, NA, CP.
43. U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Intelligence,
U.S. Intelligence Agencies and
Activities: The Per formance of the Intelligence Community
, 94th Congress, 1st session, part 2, 1975, pp. 658–59, 680–81;
Pike Report
, pp. 143, 147.
44. Allen quote from Douglas F. Garthoff,
Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence
Community: 1946–2005
(Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2005), pp. 117–18.
45. Klar’s background from Klar,
Confessions,
his obituary,
Washington Post
, April 4, 2005.
46. Klar,
Confessions
, pp. 279–80; interview with Norman Klar.
47. For Nixon’s 1972 order for SIGINT coverage of terrorism, see U.S. Department of Justice,
Report on Inquiry into CIA-Related Electronic Surveillance Activities
, June 30, 1976, p. 31. For SIGINT successes, see Robert J. Hanyok, “The First Round: NSA’s Efforts Against International
Terrorism in the 1970s,”
Cryptologic Almanac
, November–December 2002, NSA FOIA; Klar,
Confessions
, p. 289. For monitoring Arafat, see, for example, memorandum,
Palestinian Involvement in US-Iranian Dispute
, November 21, 1979, p. 1, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP81B00401R000500130031-2, NA, CP.
48. “Angola: After In de pen dence,” in CIA,
Weekly Review
, November 21, 1975, pp. 2–3, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000126975, http:// www.foia.cia.gov; U.S. Intelligence
Board,
National Intelligence Bulletin
, November 26, 1975, p. 12, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000098693, http://www.foia.cia.gov; NIO IIM 76-004C,
interagency intelligence memorandum,
Soviet and Cuban Aid to the MPLA in Angola from March
Through December 1975
, January 24, 1976, p. i, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000681964, http://www.foia.cia.gov; interagency
intelligence memorandum,
Soviet and
Cuban Aid to the MPLA in Angola During January 1976
, February 3, 1976, p. 3, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000307945, http://www.foia.cia.gov; interagency
intelligence memorandum,
Soviet and Cuban Aid to the MPLA in Angola During February 1976
, March 26, 1976, pp. 2–4, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000681967, http://www.foia.cia.gov; CIA, Directorate
of Intelligence,
Soviet and Cuban Intervention in the
Angolan Civil War
, March 1977, p. 22, CIA FOIA Electronic Reading Room, http://www.foia.cia.gov; CIA, National Foreign Assessment Center,
The Cuban Military Establishment
, April 1979, pp. 1–3, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80T00942A000900030001-2, NA, CP.
49. CIA,
The Situation in Lebanon
, March 30, 1976, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP85T00353R000100260020-6, NA, CP; George Bush, memorandum for the record,
April 10, 1976, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0000191281, http://www.foia.cia.gov; NIO IIM 76-015, interagency
intelligence memorandum,
Israeli-Syrian Hostilities
, April 12, 1976, CIA FOIA; CIA, SC No. 07362/76, intelligence memorandum,
Lebanon Evacuation Situation Report
No. 2
, June 18, 1976, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP83M00171R001800080031-7, NA, CP.
50. ASA Detachment, Southern Command,
Annual Historical Report, USASA Detachment, Southern
Command Fiscal Year 1975
, 1976, p. 1 passim, INSCOM FOIA; 408th ASA Company (Brigade Support),
Annual Historical Report, 408th Army Security Agency Company (Brigade
Support), Fiscal Year 1975
, 1976, pp. 1, 5, INSCOM FOIA.
51. Confidential interview.
52. HQ 470th Military Intelligence Group,
Historical Report Annual Supplement: 1 October 1977–30
September 1978
, appendix T, DCI Letter of Commendation, INSCOM FOIA; John Dinges,
Our
Man in Panama
(New York: Random House, 1990), pp. 81–83; Manuel Noriega and Peter Eis-ner,
America’s Prisoner: The Memoirs of Manuel Noriega
(New York: Random House, 1997), p. 60; Seymour M. Hersh, “Panama Strongman Said to Trade in Drugs, Arms and Illicit Money,”
New York Times
, June 12, 1986; Stephen Engelberg and Jeff Gerth, “Bush and Noriega: Their 20-Year Relationship,”
New York Times
, September 28, 1988;
Congressional Record—Senate
, February 21, 1978, p. 3972. For Travis Trophy going to the 470th Military Intelligence Group, see
NSA Newsletter
, October 1978, p. 6, NSA FOIA.
53. OSP-13-76T, polygraph examination report, November 10, 1976; File No. ZG000265, report of investigation, February 14,
1977, both in Canton Song 1 dossier, INSCOM FOIA. The army investigation into what was described as the “Singing Sergeants”
case was first brought to public light in Hersh, “Panama Strongman.”
54. OSP-13-76T, polygraph examination report, November 10, 1976; witness statement, November 11, 1976, both in Canton Song
1 dossier, INSCOM FOIA; File CE 76-245-03, report of investigation, December 7, 1977, Canton Song 2 dossier, INSCOM FOIA.
55. Engelberg and Gerth, “Bush and Noriega.” See also Dinges,
Our Man in Panama
, pp. 83–84; Frederick Kempe,
Divorcing the Dictator: America’s Bungled Affair with Noriega
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1990), p. 28.
56. For congressional oversight committees being briefed on the case and asked not to do anything, see
Congressional Record—Senate
, February 21, 1978, p. 3972.
57. Inman background from NSA OH-09-97, oral history,
Interview with Bobby Ray Inman
, June 18, 1997, NSA FOIA; biographical data sheet, Vice Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, U.S. Navy Office of Public Affairs.
58. Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 2, p. 190.
59. Confidential interviews.
60. Memorandum, Requirements & Evaluation Staff to Assistant Comptroller, Requirements &Evaluation,
The CIA/NSA Relationship
, August 20, 1976, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79M00467A002400030009-4, NA, CP.
61. For NSA’s $1.3 billion budget, see memorandum, [deleted] to C/M&AS,
Annual Defense Report
, March 8, 1977, p. 275, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80-00473A000600100011-7, NA, CP. See also Elaine Sciolino,
“An Operator for the Pentagon,”
New York Times
, December 17, 1993; Barton Gellman and Bob Woodward, “Analyst with a Nonpartisan Touch,”
Washington
Post
, December 17, 1993.
62. NSA OH-09-97, oral history,
Interview with Bobby Ray Inman
, June 18, 1997, p. 18, NSA FOIA.
63. James G. Hudec, “Provision of Cryptologic Information to the Congress,”
Cryptologic Spectrum
, vol. 11, no. 3 (Summer 1981): pp. 12–13, NSA FOIA.
64. NSC,
Report on Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-11: Intelligence Structure and Mission
, February 23, 1977, p. 15, Department of State FOIA; memorandum, [deleted] to [deleted],
Intelligence
Community Deficiencies—PRM-11
, February 28, 1977, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79M00095A000100030020-9, NA, CP; DCI/IC 77-4657, Intelligence Community
Staff,
1977 Director of Central Intelligence Report on the Intelligence Community
, March 1977, pp. 23–24, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP83M00171R002100110007-6, NA, CP.
65. Memorandum, [deleted] to C/M&AS,
Annual Defense Report
, March 8, 1977, pp. 276–77, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80-00473A000600100011-7, NA, CP; memorandum, Vice Admiral
Bobby R. Inman, USN, to Special Assistant, Office of the Secretary of Defense,
Transition
Coordination
, December 9, 1980, p. 4, via Dr. Jeffrey T. Richelson; Bob Woodward,
Veil:
The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), pp. 71–72.
66. Foreword of Admiral Stansfield Turner, USN (Ret.), to David D. Newsom,
The Soviet Brigade in
Cuba: A Study in Po litical Diplomacy
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. ix.
67. Memorandum, Vice Admiral Bobby R. Inman, USN, to Special Assistant, Office of the Secretary of Defense,
Transition Coordination
, December 9, 1980, sec. 8, Modernization Objectives; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 3, pp. 196–97, NSA FOIA. For NSA opposition to APEX, see memorandum, SA to the DCI for Compartmentation to Director
of Central Intelligence,
APEX—
NSA Issue Paper
, December 2, 1980, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP85T00788 R000100150003-5, NA, CP; memorandum, SA to the DCI for
Compartmentation to Director of Central Intelligence,
APEX—Navy Issue Paper
, December 3, 1980, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP85T00788R000100150002-8, NA, CP; memorandum, Chairman, DCI Committee
on Compartmentation, to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence,
DCI Committee on Compart-mentation
Final Report
, July 27, 1981, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP85T00788 R000100070023-2, NA, CP.
68. Confidential interview.
69. Mark Urban,
UK Eyes Alpha
(London: Faber and Faber, 1996), p. 6; confidential interviews.
70. Memorandum, Levi to the President, January 6, 1976, p. 1, DDRS; Jack Anderson, “Project Aquarian: Tapping the Tappers,”
Washington Post
, December 2, 1980.
71. Prime was released from prison in March 2001. For Prime’s background and details of his espionage on behalf of the USSR,
see D. J. Cole,
Geoffrey Prime: The Imperfect Spy
(London: Robert Hale, 1998); Richard J. Aldrich, “GCHQ and Sigint in Early Cold War, 1945–1970,” in Matthew M. Aid and Cees
Wiebes, eds.,
Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and
Beyond
(London: Frank Cass, 2001), pp. 91–92. For damage done by Prime, see Urban,
UK
Eyes Alpha
, p. 6; Philip Taubman, “U.S. Aides Say British Spy Gave Soviet Key Data,”
New York
Times
, October 24, 1982; Jon Nordheimer, “British Spy Hurt the U.S., Mrs. Thatcher Declares,”
New York Times
, November 12, 1982.