Stanfield on horrors of
those who benefited most from
trans-Saharan
triangular trade
violence required in
see also
abolition movement; merchants; Middle Passage; slave ships
sloops
Smale, John
Smith, John Samuel
Smith, William
Smyth, Richard
Snelgrave, William
on captains’ relations with slaves
collective judgment of captains sought by
on desecrating dead slave bodies
instructions for his first mate
Morice as employer of
on sailors’ violence against slaves
on slave communication
on slaves helping manage ship
on slaves refusing to eat
slaves sing song of praise to
on trading plans gone awry
on “white” men’s status
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Society for the Improvement of Naval Architecture
Society of Merchant Venturers .
South Carolina
Charleston.
on Declaration of Independence on slave trade
as destination for slaves.
Gola captives sent to
Laurens
slave ships built in
Southey, Robert
South Sea Company
speculum oris
Speedwell
(ship)
Speers, William
Squirrel
(ship)
Stalkartt, Marmaduke
Stanfield, Field.
Stanfield, James Field
as actor
on Africans
on arrival on African coast
becomes a sailor
common sailor’s perspective of
Essay on the Study and Composition of Biography, An
.
Guinea Voyage: A Poem in Three Books, The
..
on merchants
on Middle Passage
Observations on a Guinea Voyage
.n..
on recruitment of crews
on slaves’ arrival in New World
on slave ship as floating factory
on slave-ship sailors
on slave trade’s effect on Africa
on voyage to Africa
“Written on the Coast of Africa in the year,”
Staniforth, Thomas
Starke, Thomas
Steel, David
Steele, William
Stephens, Thomas
Stockman, Isaac.
Street, Captain
strikes
Strong, Mathew
Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons on the Slave-Trade Collected in the Course of a Tour Made in the Autumn of the Year
(Clarkson)
sugar
suicide
by sailors
by slaves .
surgeons,
see
doctors (surgeons)
Susu
Sutherland, William
Swain, Richard
Swansea (Massachusetts)
Swift
(ship)
Tacky’s Revolt
Tarleton, John
Tartar
(ship)
Taylor, Anthony
Teast, Sydenham
Temne
Tewkesbury
(ship)
Thetis
(ship)
Thomas
(ship)
Thomas, Hugh
Thomas and John
(ship)
Thompson, Thomas
Thomson, Daniel
Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade
(Newton)
thumbscrews
Tio
Tittle, John
tobacco
Todd, Hinson
Told, Silas
on captains
enters slave trade
on insurrection on
Loyal George
promotion of
on punishment of slave resistance
on sharks.
on suicide by sailor
“tormentor, the,”
Towne, James
transatlantic chain
trans-Saharan slave trade
Triumph
(ship)
Trotter, Thomas
True Blue
(ship)
Tucker, Henry
Tucker, Peter
Tucker, Thomas
Tucker, Timothy
Tuohy, David.
Turner, John
Unity
(ship)
Universal Dictionary of the Marine
(Falconer).
Unsworth, Barry
Vassa, Gustavus,
see
Equiano, Olaudah
Vernon, Samuel and William.
Vili
violence
captains using
as cascading downward
coming to grips with
fighting among slaves
of merchants
merchants concerned about excessive
Newton employs terror
as pervasive on slave ships
of sailors against slaves
slave trade depends of
Stanfield on shipboard
terror used aboard slave ships
see also
flogging
Virginia
Wadstrom, Carl Bernard
wages ..
Wainwright, Captain
Wallis, Richard
Wanton, Captain
war
mobilization of military labor for
slaves armed during
slave ships as war machines
as source of slaves
Ward, John
Wasp
(ship)
watches
water
controlling use of
as critical on slave ships
dehydration as cause of mortality
rainwater
Watkins, William
Watt, Charles
Webster, John
Welsh, Alexander
Welsh (Welch), John
Wesley, John.
West-Central Africa
Kongo
as source of slaves
see also
Angola
West Indies
Antigua
Morice trades in
St. Kitts
superfluous sailors in
in triangular trade
see also
Barbados; Jamaica
Westmore, James.
wharfingers
whipping,
see
flogging (whipping)
Whitfield, Peter
Wilberforce, William
Williams, Joseph
Williams, Thomas
Wilson, David
Stanfield sails with.
violence used by
Wilson, Isaac
Windham, Lord
windsails
Windward Coast
belief in going home to Guinea after death in
foods from
Fraser on slaves from
longboat and yawl in trade on
Newton trades on
as source of slaves
Winterbottom, Thomas.
Wolof
Wood, Samuel
Woodward, Robert
Wright, John
“Written on the Coast of Africa in the year ” (Stanfield)
Wroe, John
Yates, Thomas.
yawls
yaws
Yoruba
Young Hero
(ship)
Zong
(ship)
ILLUSTRATION SOURCES AND CREDITS
Insert
Page 1.
Top:
Detail of “Negro’s Cannoes, carrying slaves, on board of Ships, att Manfroe” in Jean Barbot, “A Description of the Coasts of North and South Guinea; and of Ethiopia Inferior, vulgarly Angola: being a New and Accurate Account of the Western Maritime Countries of Africa,” in Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill, comp.,
A Collection of Voyages and Travels, some now first printed from Original Manuscripts, others now first published in English
(London, 1732), vol. 5, collection of the author.
Bottom:
“
Captain
Bartho. Roberts
with two Ships, Viz. the
Royal Fortune
and
Ranger,
takes in sail in
Whydah
Road on the Coast of
Guiney,
Jan. 11th, 1721/2
,” in Captain Charles Johnson,
A General History of the Pyrates, from their first Rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence, to the Present Time
(London, 1724), Darlington Library, University of Pittsburgh.
Page 2.
Top:
Portrait of Sir Humphrey Morice, ivory sculpture by David Le Marchand (1674-1726), courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario.
Middle:
“His excellency Henry Laurens, president of congress & minister plenipotentiary for treating of peace with Grt. Britain,” after a drawing by Pierre Eugène du Simitière, in
Portraits of generals, ministers, magistrates, members of Congress, and others, who have rendered themselves illustrious in the revolution of the United States of North America
(London: R. Wilkinson and J. Debrett, 1783), courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Bottom:
“The Requin,” Barbot, “A Description of the Coasts,” translated and republished in Antoine-François Prevost,
L’Histoire generale des voyages
(La Haye: P. de Hondt, 1747-80), collection of the author.
Page 3.
Top:
Nicholas Pocock (1749-1821), “Wapping, Bristol,” c. 1760, © Bristol’s City Museum & Art Gallery.
Bottom:
William Jackson, Liverpool slave ship, c. 1780, © National Museums Liverpool, Merseyside Maritime Museum.
Page 4.
All:
William Falconer,
Universal Dictionary of the Marine
(orig. publ. 1768, republ. London, 1815), courtesy of Mystic Seaport, G.W. Blunt Library.
Page 5. “Transport des Nègres dans le Colonies,” lithograph by Pretexat Oursel, courtesy of the Musée d’Histoire de la Ville et du Pays Malouin, Saint Malo, France.
Page 6.
Top:
Job Ben Solomon,
Gentleman’s Magazine
20(1750), Darlington Library, University of Pittsburgh.
Bottom:
Thomas Clarkson,
The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament
(London, 1808), vol. 1, Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh.
Page 7. Detail of Emmanuel Bowen,
A New & Accurate Map of Negroland and the Adjacent Countries; also Upper Guinea, shewing the principal European settlements, & distinguishing wch. belong to England, Denmark, Holland &c. The Sea Coast & some of the Rivers being drawn from Surveys & the best Modern Maps and Charts, & regulated by Astron. Observns
(London, 1747), collection of the author.
Page 8.
Top:
Detail of “The Prospect of the English Castle, at Anamabou,” in Barbot, “A Description of the Coasts,” collection of the author.
Bottom:
“Procession to ye Temple of ye Great Snake on Crowning of ye King,” in Thomas Astley, comp.,
A New General Collection
of Travels and Voyages, Consisting of the most esteemed Relations, which have been hitherto Published in any Language
(London, 1742-1747), vol. 3, collection of the author. Originally published in Jean Baptiste Labat,
Voyage du Chevalier des Marchais en Guinee . . . fait en 1725, 1726, & 1727
(Amsterdam, 1731).
Page 9.
Top:
“The City of Loango,” in Astley, ed.,
A New General Collection of Travels and Voyages
, vol. 3, collection of the author. Originally published in D. O. Dapper,
Description de l’Afrique . . . Traduite du Flamand
(Amsterdam,1686; 1st ed., 1668).
Bottom:
Thomas Clarkson,
Letters on the slave-trade, and the state of the natives in those parts of Africa, . . . contiguous to Fort St. Louis and Goree
(London, 1791), courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Page 10.
Top:
Portrait of Olaudah Equiano,
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African. Written by Himself
(London, 1790), Library of Congress.
Middle:
Portrait of James Field Stanfield by Martin Archer Shee, undated, courtesy of the Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens (Tyne and Wear Museum).
Bottom:
Portrait of John Newton by John Russell, 1788, courtesy of the John Newton Project (
www.johnnewton.org
) and the World Mission Society.
Page 11.
Top:
Slave ship shackles, c. 1780, collection of the author.
Bottom:
Cat-o’-nine-tails, © National Maritime Museum.
Page 12.
Top:
Isaac Cruikshank, “The Abolition of the Slave Trade, Or the inhumanity of dealers in human flesh exemplified in Captn. Kimber’s treatment of a young Negro girl of 15 for her virjen modesty,” 1792, Library of Congress, British Cartoon Collection.
Bottom:
“(Traversée) Danse de Nègres,” Amédée Grehan, ed.,
La France Maritime
(Paris, 1837), courtesy of the Haverford College Library.
Page 13.
Top:
Lieutenant Francis Meynell, “Slave deck of the Albaroz, Prize to the Albatross, 1845,” National Maritime Museum.
Bottom: The Dying Negro,
engraving by James Neagle, frontispiece for Thomas Day,
The Dying Negro: A Poem
(London, 1793), courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Page 14. “Representation of an Insurrection aboard a Slave-Ship,” in Carl B. Wadström,
An Essay on Colonization, particularly applied to the Western coast of Africa . . . in Two Parts
(London, 1794), courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Page 15. “Marché aux Nègres,” by Laurent Deroy, after a drawing by Johann Moritz Rugendas, courtesy of the New York Public Library.
Page 16.
Top:
Portrait of Thomas Clarkson by Charles Turner after a painting by Alfred Edward Chalon, courtesy of Donald A. Heald Rare Books.
Bottom: Description of a Slave Ship
(London: James Phillips, 1789), courtesy of the Peabody-Essex Museum.
In Chapter 10
Page 312.
Plan of an African Ship’s Lower Deck, with Negroes in the proportion of not quite one to a Ton
(orig. publ. Plymouth, 1788; republ. Bristol, 1789), courtesy of the Bristol Record Office.