The Social Animal (64 page)

27
Antonio and Hanna Damasio
Antoine Bechara, Hanna Damasio, Daniel Tranel, and Antonio R. Damasio, “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy,”
Science
28, no. 5304 (February 1997): 1293-95,
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/275/5304/1293
.

28
Swiss doctor Édouard Claparède
Wilson, 25.

29
That one implicit rule
Gerd Gigerenzer,
Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious
(New York: Penguin Books, 2007), 9-11.

30
fuzzy-trace theory
Paul A. Klaczynski, “Cognitive and Social Cognitive Development: Dual-Process Research and Theory,” in
In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond
, eds. Jonathan Evans and Keith Frankish (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 270.

31
The immediate choosers
Ap Dijksterhuis and Loran F. Nordgren, “A Theory of Unconscious Thought,”
Perspectives on Psychological Science 1
, no. 2 (June 2006): 95-109, “
http://www.unconsciouslab.nl/publications/Dijksterhuis%20Nordgren%20-%20A%20Theory%20of%20Unconscious%20Thought.pdf
“:http://www.unconsciouslab.nl/publications/Dijksterhuis%20Nordgren%20-%20A%20Theory%20of%20Unconscious%20Thought.pdf.

32
five different art posters
Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 100.

33
a study set in IKEA
Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 104.

34
“dark and dusty nooks”
Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 102.

35
“It is worth noting”
John A. Bargh, “Bypassing the Will: Toward Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior,” in
The New Unconscious
, eds. Ran R. Hassim, James S. Uleman, and John A. Bargh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 53.

36
You would have no chance
George Eliot,
Felix Holt, the Radical
(New York: Penguin Books, 1995), 279.

37
Folk wisdom in North America
James C. Scott,
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 311.

38
gobiid fish
Guy Claxton,
Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: How Intelligence Increases When You Think Less
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2000), 18.

39
Research by Colin Camerer
Colin Camerer et al., “Neural Systems Responding to Degrees of Uncertainty in Human Decision-Making,”
Science
310, no. 5754 (December 9, 2005): 1680-83,
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/310/5754/1680
.

40
During his discussion of Tolstoy
Isaiah Berlin, “The Hedgehog and the Fox,” in
Russian Thinkers
, eds. Henry Hardy and Aileen Kelly (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), 71-72.

CHAPTER
16:
THE
INSURGENCY

1
Raymond led the group
David Rock,
Your Brain at Work: Strategies for Overcoming Distraction, Regaining Focus, and Working Smarter All Day Long
(New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 49.

2
Michael Falkenstein
Gerald Traufetter, “Have Scientists Discovered Intuition?”
Der Spiegel
, September 21, 2007,
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,507176,00.html
.

3
Patrick Rabbitt
Patrick Rabbitt, “Detection of Errors by Skilled Typists,”
Ergonomics
21, no. 11 (November 1978): 945-58,
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a777698565
.

4
change doubtful answers
Joseph T. Hallinan,
Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average
(New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 53.

5
“Peter Drucker said”
Peter F. Drucker,
The Essential Drucker: In One Volume the Best of Sixty Years of Peter Drucker’s Essential Writings on Management
(New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 127.

6
“Koch was not one”
Drucker, 218.

7
Wason selection task
David Moshman and Molly Geil, “Collaborative Reasoning, Evidence for Collective Rationality,”
Thinking and Reasoning
4, no. 3 (July 1998): 231-48,
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=edpsychpapers
.

CHAPTER
17:
GETTING
OLDER

1
UN data drawn
Helen Fisher, “The Drive to Love: The Neural Mechanism for Mate Selection,” in
The New Psychology of Love
, eds. Robert J. Sternberg and Karin Sternberg (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 105.

2
Louann Brizendine
Louann Brizendine,
The Female Brain
(New York: Broadway Books, 2006), 136-37.

3
“the art of being wise”
William James,
The Principles of Psychology
, vol. 2, Chap. 22.

4
Marriage expert John Gottman
John Gottman,
Why Marriages Succeed or Fail: And How You Can Make Yours Last
(New York: Fireside, 1995), 57.

5
loneliness loop
John Cacioppo and William Patrick,
Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection
(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008), 170.

6
more than 65 percent
Brizendine, 147.

7
Alcoholics Anonymous doesn’t work
Brendan L. Koerner, “Secret of AA: After 75 Years, We Don’t Know How It Works,”
Wired
, June 23, 2010,
http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/06/ff_alcoholics_anonymous/
.

CHAPTER
18: MORALITY

1
Jonathan Haidt
Jonathan Haidt, “What Makes People Vote Republican,”
Edge
, September 9, 2008,
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/haidt08/haidt08_index.html
.

2
As Haidt has shown
Jonathan Haidt,
The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom
(New York: Basic Books, 2006), 20-21.

3
“It has been hard to find”
Michael S. Gazzaniga,
Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 148.

4
Psychopaths do not seem
Jonah Lehrer,
How We Decide
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 15.

5
Research on wife batterers
Lehrer, 170.

6
Behavior does not exhibit
Kwame Anthony Appiah,
Experiments in Ethics
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 40-41.

7
“I finished him off”
Jean Hatzfield,
Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak
, trans. Linda Coverdale (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2003), 24.

8
rats were trained to press
Paul Bloom,
Descartes’ Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human
(New York: Basic Books, 2004), 114.

9
Chimps console each other
Bloom, 122.

10
People yawn when they see
Liz Seward, “Contagious Yawn ‘Sign of Empathy,’ ”
BBC
, September 10, 2007,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6988155.stm
.

11
“When we see a stroke”
Adam Smith,
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
(New York: Cosimo, 2007), 2.

12
“Nature, when she formed”
Smith, 118.

13
rudimentary sense of justice
J. Kiley Hamlin, Karen Wynn, and Paul Bloom, “Social Evaluation by Preverbal Infants,”
Nature
450 (November 22, 2007): 557-59,
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7169/abs/nature06288.html
.

14
James Q. Wilson argued
James Q. Wilson,
The Moral Sense
(New York: Free Press, 1997), 142.

15
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
J. J. A. Van Berkum et al., “Right or Wrong? The Brain’s Fast Response to Morally Objectional Statements,”
Psychological Science
20 (2009): 1092-99,
http://coreservice.mpdl.mpg.de/ir/item/escidoc:57437/components/component/escidoc:95157/content
.

16
“He who made us”
Marc D. Hauser,
Moral Minds: The Nature of Right and Wrong
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), 60-61.

17
Just as different cultures
Jonathan Haidt and Craig Joseph, “The Moral Mind: How 5 Sets of Innate Moral Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules,” in
The Innate Mind
, eds. P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, and S. Stich (New York: Oxford, 2007), 367-91, and Jonathan Haidt and Jesse Graham, “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions That Liberals May Not Recognize,”
Social Science Research
20, no. 1 (March 2007): 98-116.

18
Human societies have their
Jesse Graham, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian Nosek, “Liberals and Conservatives Use Different Sets of Moral Foundations,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
96, no. 5 (May 2009): 1029-46,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19379034
.

19
Hitler’s sweater
Hauser, 199.

20
People can distinguish between
Kyle G. Ratner and David M. Amodio, “N170 Responses to Faces Predict Implicit In-Group Favoritism: Evidence from a Minimal Group Study,” Social & Affective Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, October 10, 2009,
http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~scanlab/SANS/docs/SANS_program_2009.pdf
.

21
The anterior cingulated cortices
Xiaojing Xu, Xiangyu Zuo, Xiaoying Wang, and Shihui Han, “Do You Feel My Pain? Racial Group Membership Modulates Empathic Neural Responses,”
Journal of Neuroscience
29, no. 26 (July 1, 2009): 8525-29,
http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/short/29/26/8525
.

22
“In taking delivery”
Hugh Helco,
On Thinking Institutionally
(Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2008), 98.

23
“I was in awe every time”
Ryne Sandberg, Induction Speech, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, July 31, 2005,
http://baseballhall.org/node/11299
.

24
But in crucial moments
Joshua D. Greene, “Does Moral Action Depend on Reasoning?”
Big Questions Essay Series
, John Templeton Foundation, April 2010,
http://www.templeton.org/reason/Essays/greene.pdf
.

25
“She’s not a dog”
Appiah, 160.

26
“I am grateful that fate”
Viktor Emil Frankl,
Man’s Search for Meaning
(Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992), 78.

27
philosopher Jean Bethke Elshtain
Jean B. Elshtain, “Neither Victims Nor Heroes: Reflections from a Polio Person,” in
Philosophical Reflections on Disability
, eds. Christopher D. Ralston and Justin Ho (New York: Springer, 2009), 241-50.

CHAPTER
19:
THE
LEADER

1
Few people switch parties
Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler,
Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identity of Voters
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 12.

2
People have stereotypes
Green, Palmquist, and Schickler, 4.

3
Party affiliation often shapes
Paul Goren, Christopher M. Federico, and Miki Caul Kittilson, “Source Cues, Partisan Identities, and Political Value Expression,”
American Journal of Political Science
53, no. 4 (2009): 805-820,
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122602945/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
.

4
A partisan filters out
Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes,
The American Voter
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980).