The Strength of the Wolf (85 page)

  
1
  Siragusa to Anslinger, Progress Report No. 4A, 3 May 1951.

  
2
  More than two dozen FBN documents, specifically about the Pahlevi and Griffel cases, were provided by the Knight family.

  
3
  Charles Siragusa in Rome to James C. Ryan in New York, 4 August 1953.

  
4
  Siragusa in Paris to Anslinger, dated 22 February 1954.

  
5
  Siragusa in Paris to Anslinger, dated 22 February 1954.

  
6
  Jean-Pierre Charbonneau,
The Canadian Connection
(Montreal: Optimum Publishing Company Limited, 1976), 98–9.

  
7
  
New York Times
, 28 November 1948, 5:3.

  
8
  
New York Times
, 2 July 1951, 5:1.

  
9
  Undated Italian document, signed “Il Colonnello Comandante Del Nucleo (Gaetano Polizzi),” provided by Paul E. Knight.

10
  Siragusa in Rome to Anslinger, 19 July 1954.

11
  Siragusa,
On the Trail
, 6.

12
  Ibid., 3–32.

13
  Robert Wiedrich,
Chicago Tribune Magazine
, 30 May 1965, 8.

14
  “Senators Told of US Fight against Dope,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, 3 June 1955.

  
1
  Memorandum from Commanding Officer, Naval Medical Research Institute, to Commissioner of Narcotics, “Procurement of Certain Drugs,” 9 February 1951.

  
2
  Scheflin and Opton,
The Mind Manipulators
, 132.

  
3
  Michael McClintock,
Instruments of Statecraft
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), 111.

  
4
  Marks,
Manchurian Candidate
, 87–104.

  
5
  Scheflin and Opton,
The Mind Manipulators
, 137.

  
6
  Interview with and documents provided by Clarice Stein Smithline.

  
7
  Reinhardt,
Crime without Punishment
, 116–7.

  
8
  Anslinger,
The Murderers
, 233.

  
9
  
Marks,
Manchurian Candidate
, 56–7.

10
  James Alexander Hamilton, letter to Gary Stern, 21 February 1995.

11
  Bradley Smith,
The Shadow Warriors: The OSS and the Origins of the CIA
(New York: Basic Books, 1983), 389.

12
  Walker,
Opium and Foreign Policy
, 210.

13
  Ibid.

14
  Anslinger,
Traffic in Narcotics
, 84.

15
  Walker,
Opium and Foreign Policy
, 168.

16
  McCoy,
Politics of Heroin
, 133–45.

17
  John Earman, “Report of Inspection of MKULTRA/TSD,” 14 August 1963, (hereafter known as Earman Report), 13.

18
  Jack Kelly with Richard Mathison,
On the Street: The Autobiography of the Toughest US Narcotics Agent
(Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1974), 47–8, 70.

19
  The author obtained ninety-six numbered documents about MKULTRA from the CIA through a Freedom of Information Act request. They shall be referred to by the number the CIA assigned them, as in this case: MKULTRA Document 85, “Undated Memo For The Record.”

20
  Ed Reid, in
The Shame of New York
, page 54, said, “A mob fixer once boasted in underworld circles that he knew someone who could fix Williams, but he failed to come through.”

21
  Marks,
Manchurian Candidate
, 73–82.

22
  Kelly,
On the Street
, 69–75. According to Richard L. G. Deverall in
Red China's Dirty Dope War: The Story of the Opium, Heroin, Morphine and Philopon Traffic
(New York: Free Trade Union Committee, American Federation of Labor, 1954), 55, Gelb got his heroin from “Red China.”

23
  Anslinger,
The Murderers
, 98, 233.

24
  McWilliams and Block, “All the Commissioner's Men,” 176–85.

25
  Ibid., 177.

26
  Cockburn and St. Clair,
Whiteout
, 132.

27
  McWilliams and Block, “All the Commissioner's Men,” 177–8.

28
  White's Diary.

29
  McWilliams and Block, “All The Commissioner's Men,” 186–7.

30
  Reid,
Mafia
, 54.

31
  1964 Senate Hearings, 989, 1047.

32
  
New York Times
, 24 December 1954, 28:8. According to Charles Faddem of the Seafarers' Union, many Seafarers' Union members were smugglers and junkies and worked on Jardine Matheson ships going to and coming back from the Far East.

33
  
1964 Senate Hearings, 1074–5.

34
  Interview with Gregory Poulos.

35
  Marks,
Manchurian Candidate
, 101.

  
1
  The authors of
Pilot Project III
(19), said “There is strong evidence that D'Agostino was receiving heroin from the Far East.” This is not surprising, knowing that Paul Damien Mondoloni had been police chief in Saigon and that his partner, Jean-Baptiste Croce, had been a seaman in the Far East. According to Charbonneau in
The Canadian Connection
(76), Croce had supplied narcotics to François Spirito prior to World War II in league with Mafioso Francesco Pirico in Milan. Pirico was connected to Lucky Luciano and the Caneba brothers, a major source in Sicily.

  
2
  Roarke,
Coin of Contraband
, 392.

  
3
  Kelly,
On the Street
, 123.

  
4
  MKULTRA Document 76, Memorandum for the Record, “Telephone Interview with George Gaffney.” Gaffney disliked White immensely. He told the author, “Tom Dugan and I found him one morning sitting on a curb in the Village. He was incoherent. We tried to get him home, but he cursed us and pushed us away. White was like that: a falling-down drunk who bragged about the Japs he'd killed during interrogation, and made insulting cracks, even when he was trying to be nice.”

  
5
  Roarke,
Coin of Contraband
, 393–5.

  
6
  Marks,
Manchurian Candidate
, 94. Interview with Ira Feldman.

  
7
  McWilliams, “Seeing Red,” 6.

  
8
  Tom Mangold,
Cold Warrior
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 105.

  
9
  Dr. Harry Berger and Dr. Andrew A. Eggston, “Should We Legalize Narcotics?”
Coronet
, June 1955, 34.

10
  McWilliams, “Seeing Red,” 17.

11
  
New York Times
, 1 August 1955, 3:8.

12
  Alfred R. Lindesmith, “The Traffic in Dope,”
The Nation
, 25 April 1956, 228.

13
  Darrell Berrigan, “They Smuggle Dope by the Ton,”
Saturday Evening Post
, 5 May 1956, 42, 156–8.

14
  John O'Kearney, “Opium Trade: Is China Responsible?”
The Nation
, 5 October, 1955, 320–322.

15
  
Berrigan, “They Smuggle Dope.”

16
  Smith,
The OSS
, 356.

17
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 165–6. Alan Block,
Masters of Paradise: Organized Crime and the Internal Revenue Service in The Bahamas
(New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 161–73.

  
1
  Ethan A. Nadelman,
Cops Across Borders: The Internationalization of US Criminal Law Enforcement
(University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), 134–5.

  
2
  Interview with Myles Ambrose. Nadelman in
Cops Across Borders
(135), quotes Ambrose as saying that “agents from the Bureau of Narcotics abroad could claim and did claim to be Interpol agents to give their work a veneer of legitimacy.”

  
3
  Jack Kelly in
On the Street
(48) said that Crofton Hayes had “cleaned out the vault in Newark of all the seized narcotics under his control.” He didn't mention him by name, but Kelly also referred to Leo Palier as “an attorney who had graduated first in his class at Harvard,” and then “took up with prostitutes and had them working for him to support his habit before the Bureau forced him to retire.” A bachelor, Palier was known for rushing home at noon to feed his beloved cats.

  
4
  DiLucia joined the FBN in 1935, then served with the OSS in Madrid, posing as the Treasury representative. He may have been an undercover CIA agent in Italy.

  
5
  Toni Howard, “Dope Is His Business,”
Saturday Evening Post
, 27 April 1957, 38.

  
6
  Letter from Tartaglino to Siragusa, “Last night Frias and Salm knocked off El Etir and Omar Makkouk,” 19 June 1957.

  
7
  Manfredi, Official Personnel Folders.

  
8
  Luigi DiFonzo,
St. Peter's Banker
(New York: Watts, 1983), 25. Claire Sterling,
Octopus: The Long Reach of the International Sicilian Mafia
, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1990), 190–202.

  
9
  Sterling,
Octopus
, 100.

10
  Williams, Official Personnel Folders.

11
  Millspaugh,
Americans in Persia
(Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute, 1946) 69.

12
  Ibid., 133.

13
  Kim Roosevelt,
Counter-Coup: The Struggle for Control of Iran
(New
York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1979), 44–6, 128–9.

14
  Interview with George Gaffney.

15
  Seymour M. Hersh,
The Dark Side Of Camelot
(Boston: Little Brown, 1997), 194.

16
  Mark Fritz, Associated Press, “Ex-CIA Official James Critchfield Dies,” 23 April 2003.

17
  Alan A. Block and John C. McWilliams, “On The Origins of American Counterintelligence: Building a Clandestine Network,” Journal of Policy History, vol. 1, no. 4, 1989, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London, 367.

  
1
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 157.

  
2
  1964 Senate Hearings, 1010.

  
3
  Dan Moldea,
The Hoffa Wars: The Rise and Fall of Jimmy Hoffa
(New York: SPI Books, 1978), 69–70.

  
4
  Ibid., 74–7, 90–1.

  
5
  
New York Times
, 14 November 1957, 1:1.

  
6
  
New York Times
, 10 January 1958, 1:3.

  
7
  Tom Tripodi with Joseph P. DeSario,
Crusade: Undercover against the Mafia and KGB
(Washington: Brassey's, 1993), 60.

  
8
  Charbonneau,
Canadian Connection
, 122–3.

  
9
  Memorandum report by Thomas J. Dugan, 5 February 1960. Thomas M. Dugan, also assigned to the New York office, was affectionately known to the Irish clique as “Tommy Ogg,” meaning “Young Tom” in Irish.

10
  Charbonneau,
Canadian Connection
, 79–82, 101–4.

11
  At this point a top NYPD narcotic detective reportedly made one of the most often quoted statements in FBN folklore: “Take it out back, lads, and give it a whack for me!”

12
  Memorandum to Mr. Mollo from Mr. Tendy, 27 April 1960.

13
  Charbonneau,
Canadian Connection
, 148–51

14
  
Project Pilot III
, 60. Charbonneau in
The Canadian Connection
(103) says “Mondoloni was associated with Santos Trafficante, Jr. who ran a rich Havana casino called the Sans Souci for … Meyer Lansky.”

15
  Charbonneau,
Canadian Connection
, 112.

16
  John T. Cusack, memo to H. J. Anslinger, 24 November 1958.

17
  Roarke,
Coin of Contraband
, 421–2.

18
  
Charbonneau,
Canadian Connection
, 143 n. 19.

19
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 201.

  
1
  Among the documents in White's Diary is a letter OSI officer Arthur Giuliani wrote to George White, dated 3 March 1958, saying that Siragusa “had worn out welcome with the Italians” and that the “local CIA boy” didn't know if Manfredi or Knight would take over. The CIA “boy” was looking for recruits and, while Manfredi had more contacts, Knight had more finesse – so Giuliani recommended Knight to the CIA.

  
2
  Sal Vizzini with Oscar Fraley and Marshall Smith,
Vizzini: The Secret Lives of America's Most Successful Undercover Agent
(New York: Arbor House, 1972).

  
3
  The secretaries were Mary Lapore, Ruth Bridentath, Monica Atwall, and Yolanda Palucci.

  
4
  Interview with Colonel Tulius Acampora.

  
5
  Anslinger,
The Murderers
, 223. Siragusa,
On the Trail
, 185–200.

  
6
  Block,
Masters of Paradise
, 30–8, 45–57, 68–72.

  
7
  Jonnes,
Hep Cats
, 172.

  
8
  Williams's report, “The Narcotics Situation in South Asia and the Far East,” 25 July 1959, 19–23. The link dated back to 1943, when Vincent Scamporino and the OSS contacted Bonaventure “Roch” Francisci, a Corsican gangster who operated a charter airline, Air Laos Commerciale, between Saigon and points in Laos and the Golden Triangle.

  
9
  McCoy,
Politics of Heroin
, 176.
New York Times
, 20 May 1959, 3:4.

10
  Anslinger,
The Murderers
, 230.

11
  1964 Senate Report, 1131.

12
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 167.

13
  Williams report, “The Narcotic Situation,” 25–6.

14
  McCoy,
Politics of Heroin
, 297–8.

15
  Peter Dale Scott,
The War Conspiracy: The Secret Road To The Second Indochina War
(New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1972), 207, n. 65.

16
  Tripodi,
Crusade
, 185.

17
  Scott,
War Conspiracy
, 15–20.

18
  US House of Representatives, The Committee on Foreign Affairs,
The
World Heroin Problem, Report of Special Study Mission
(Washington, DC, GPO, 27 May 1971), 45.

19
  Memo from Knight in Beirut to Cusack in Rome, 4 December 1959.

20
  Jonnes,
Hep Cats
, 178. Interview with Paul Sakwa.

21
  
Project Pilot III
, 21, 65–7.

22
  Charbonneau,
Canadian Connection
, 155–6. Anslinger,
The Protectors
, 68–9.

23
  Herbert Brean, “Crooked, Cruel Traffic In Drugs,”
Life Magazine
,
25
January 1960, 94.

24
  Memorandum (in confidence) to White and Gentry from Deputy Commissioner Giordano, 23 May 1961.

25
  As identified in
Project Pilot III
(45–51), the four groups were: the Charles Marignani Organization; the Spirito–Orsini Group, including Marcel Francisci and “the Great Boss” in Rome; the Joseph Patrizzi Organization, including Mondoloni in Mexico; and the Aranci Brothers. The labs were run by Dom Albertini, who was said to be an informer for an investigating judge at Marseilles; Rene Gaston, a close friend of a police commissaire in Interpol; and someone unknown.

26
  Jonnes,
Hep Cats
, 185.

27
  Ibid., 184.

28
  
Project Pilot III
, 42–3.

29
  According to Gaffney, the case began in New Orleans when a woman with CIA connections offered information to agent Arthur Doll.

30
  
Project Pilot III
, 8, 367–372, 629; Colonel Manuel Dominguez Suarez was a major narcotics trafficker and in 1967 his source in East Berlin was Simon Goldenberg, known to the French as a communist agent. Arrested in May 1970, Suarez committed suicide at La Tuna Prison in Texas in August 1971. The Suarez case was said to have all the “earmarks of an intelligence rather than a heroin trafficking operation.”

31
  Chappell says the CIA gave him sanctuary afterwards, but he would not discuss the details.

32
  Agents from the FBN's San Antonio office made regular forays into Mexico. Agent Jim Bland made about two dozen himself into border towns.