The Third Reich at War (135 page)

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Authors: Richard J. Evans

Tags: #History, #Europe, #Germany

21
. Ibid., 200-248; see also Manoschek (ed.),
‘Es gibt nur eines’
, 31 (Gefr. F. B., 3 July 1941), and 51 (Lt. K., 13 February 1942).

22
. Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 88 - 91.

23
. Ibid., 91 (5 July 1941).

24
. Ibid., 91 (5 July 1941); Musial,
‘Konterrevolutionäre Elemente’
, 175-99, also for the involvement of German soldiers in the pogroms and massacres in Lemberg and elsewhere, and for the events in Boryslaw; see also Manoschek (ed.),
‘Es gibt nur eines’
, 33 (letter of 6 July 1941).

25
. Berkhoff,
Harvest of Despair
, 205 - 31; Longerich,
Politik
, 337 - 43.

26
. Ibid., 343.

27
. For Task Force C’s movements, see Krausnick,
Hitlers Einsatzgruppen
, 162 - 9.

28
. Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 96 (12 July 1941).

29
. Ibid., 97 (12 July 1941).

30
. Ibid., 101 (22 July 1941), 105 (2 August 1941); also in Longerich,
Politik
, 338 - 9.

31
. Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 297-9; Friedlander,
The Years of Extermination
, 246 - 7.

32
. Quoted in Latzel, ‘Tourismus und Gewalt’, 449 - 51. There is now a considerable literature on the value, or otherwise, of field-post letters as an historical source. See for example Humburg,
Das Gesicht
, 257 - 68.

33
. Quoted in Hürter,
Hitlers Heerführer
, 443.

34
. Hürter (ed.),
Ein deutscher General
, 67 (11 July 1941).

35
. Longerich,
Politik
, 362.

36
. Quoted in Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 405; Browning,
The Origins
, 274, 310; Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 200; Longerich,
Politik
, 362 - 6.

37
. Fritz Baade
et al
. (eds.),
‘Unsere Ehre heisst Treue’: Kriegstagebuch des Kommandostabes Reichsführer-SS, Tätigkeitsberichte der 1. und 2. 33-Infanterie-Brigade, der 1. SS-Kav. Brigade und von Sonderkommandos der SS
(Vienna, 1965), 212.

38
. Ibid., 96.

39
. Ibid., 220 (Bericht ‘Pripjet-Aktion’).

40
. Quoted in Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 66 - 7.

41
. Ibid., 67; Berkhoff,
Harvest of Despair
, 65 - 9.

42
. Peter Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl: Hitler und der Weg zur ‘Endlösung’
(Munich, 2001), 106 - 7.

43
. Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 75 - 86.

44
. Brief account in Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 282; more detail in Dieter Pohl, ‘Hans Krüger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawo’w Region (Galicia)’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 26 (1998), 257-64; idem,
Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944: Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens
(Munich, 1996) esp. 144- 7; Thomas Sandkühler,
‘Endlösung’ in Galizien: Der Judenmord in Ostpolen und die Rettungsinitiativen von Berthold Beitz, 1941 - 1944
(Bonn, 1996) esp. 150; and Browning,
The Origins
, 348 - 50.

45
. Bernd Boll, ‘Zloczo’w, Juli 1941: Die Wehrmacht und der Beginn des Holocaust in Galizien’,
Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
, 50 (2002), 899 - 917.

46
. Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 215-19, documents in Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 137 - 54.

47
. Quoted in ibid., 151; Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 534 - 42.

48
. Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 127 - 30; more generally, Andrej Angrick, ‘The Escalation of German-Rumanian Anti-Jewish Policy after the Attack on the Soviet Union’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 26 (1998), 203 - 38.

49
. Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 102-28 (quote at 116), convincingly countering the less hostile (though in many respects valuable) account by Larry Watts,
Romanian Cassandra: Ion Antonescu and the Struggle for Reform, 1916-1941
(Boulder, Colo., 1993).

50
. Kurt Erichson (ed.),
Abschied ist immer: Briefe an den Bruder im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 25 (letter to brother, 17 July 1941).

51
. See Jean Ancel,
Transnistria
(3 vols., Bucharest, 1998).

52
. Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 197.

53
. Ibid., 171-3, with accurate details and figures based on Romanian and German documents (other accounts seem to involve an element of double-counting); more generally, see Alexander Dallin,
Odessa, 1941 - 1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule
(Ias¸i, 1998 [1957]) esp. 74 - 5.

54
. Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 173 - 9.

55
. Ibid., 179-87; Paul A. Shapiro, ‘The Jews of Chisinau (Kishinev): Romanian Reoccupation, Ghettoization, Deportation’, in Randolph L. Braham (ed.),
The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews during the Antonescu Era
(New York, 1997), 135-94; Dennis Deletant, ‘Ghetto Experience in Golta, Transnistria, 1942-1944’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 18 (2004), 1-26; and Dalia Ofer, ‘Life in the Ghettos of Transnistria’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 25 (1996), 229-74.

56
. Jean Ancel, ‘The Romanian Way of Solving the “Jewish Problem” in Bessarabia and Bukovina: June-July 1941’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 19 (1988), 187-232; idem, ‘The “Christian” Regimes of Romania and the Jews, 1940-1942’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 7 (1993), 14-29; Braham (ed.),
The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews
; the fullest and most accurate account, convincingly stressing the racist character of these mass murders, is now in Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 130-49 (quote on 141).

57
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 225, citing the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania’s
Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu, 11 November 2004
; Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 166-71.

58
Andrej Angrick, Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die Einsatzgruppe D in der s̈dlichen Sowjetunion 1941-1943
(Hamburg, 2003), 174; Radu Ioanid,
The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944
(Chicago, 2000), 62-4.

59
. Cited in Longerich,
Politik
, 388.

60
Ibid., 388-9; Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide
, 213-14.

61
. For a detailed itinerary, see Krausnick,
Hitlers Einsatzgruppen
, 169-78; details in Longerich,
Politik
, 386-90; and Angrick,
Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord.

62
. Krausnick,
Hitlers Einsatzgruppen
, 118; Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 1,011-16; Browning,
The Origins
, 334-5.

63
. Walter Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung der Juden in Serbien’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.),
Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik 1939-1945: Neue Forschungen und Kontroversen
(Frankfurt am Main, 1998), 209-34, at 209-12.

64
. Quoted in Paul Hehn,
The German Struggle against Yugoslav Guerillas in World War II: German Counter-Insurgency in Yugoslavia 1941-1943
(New York, 1979), 28-9; Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 214-15, 220.

65
Quoted in Ibid., 216-17.

66
Quoted in Manoschek (ed.),
‘Es gibt nur eines’
, 39 (Lt. P. G., 29 July 1941).

67
. Quoted in Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 216.

68
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/I. 478 (24 September 1941).

69
. Quoted in Browning,
The Origins
, 338.

70
Longerich,
Politik
, 458-9; quotation in Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 222.

71
. Quoted in ibid., 227; for the Gypsies, see ibid., 233, and especially Karola Fings
et al., ‘. . . einziges Land, in dem Judenfrage und Zigeunerfrage gel̈st’: Die Verfolgung der Roma im faschistisch besetzten Jugoslawien 1941-1945
(Cologne, n.d.).

72
. Quoted in Glenny,
The Balkans
, 503.

73
. Browning,
The Origins
, 341.

74
. Quoted in Walter Manoschek, ‘ “Gehst mit Juden erschiessen?” Die Vernichtung der Juden in Serbien’, in Heer and Naumann (eds.),
Vernichtungskrieg
, 39-56, at 46.

75
Walter Manoschek,
‘Serbien ist judenfrei’: Miliẗrische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42
(Munich, 1993), 155-8.

76
. Manfred Messerschmidt, ‘Partisanenkrieg auf dem Balkan, Ziele, Methoden, “Rechtfertigung” ’, in Loukia Droulia and Hagen Fleischer (eds.),
Von Lidice bis Kalavryta: Widerstand und Besatzungsterror: Studien zur Repressalienpraxis im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Berlin, 1999), 65-91; Walter Manoschek, ‘Krajevo - Kragujevac - Kalavryta: Die Massaker der 717. Infanteriedivision bzw. 117. J̈gerdivision am Balnak’, in ibid., 93-104; idem, ‘Partisanenkrieg und Genozid: Die Wehrmacht in Serbien 1941’, in idem (ed.),
Die Wehrmacht im Rassenkrieg: Der Vernichtungskrieg hinter der Front
(Vienna, 1996), 142-67.

77
. Longerich,
Politik
, 405-10; Hannes Heer, ‘Killing Fields: Die Wehrmacht und der Holocaust’, in idem and Naumann (eds.),
Vernichtungskrieg
, 57-77.

78
. Longerich,
Politik
, 418.

79
Browning,
The Origins
, 309-11.

80
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 107-11.

81
Werner Jochmann (ed.),
Monologe im F̈hrerhauptquartier 1941-44: Die Aufzeichnungen Heinrich Heims
(Hamburg, 1980), 106-8; see also Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 114-15.

82
. Browning,
The Origins
, 312; Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 112.

83
. Ibid., 112.

84
Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 153-61; Saul Friedl̈nder,
Prelude to Downfall: Hitler and the United States, 1939-1941
(London, 1967); David Reynolds,
From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War
(Chicago, 2001); idem,
The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937-1941: A Study in Competitive Co-operation
(London, 1981).

85
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 201; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 406-7.

86
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 243-5.

87
. Ibid., 245-63.

88
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, IV. 1,731. For details on the lack of Jewish influence on American policy at this time, see Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 79-82.

89
. Ibid., 84-5.

90
. Ibid., 98-104.

91
. Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/I. 32-5 (9 July 1941; the first dictated entry).

92
. Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 105.

93
. Ibid., 106-7, 281-3 (I have slightly adjusted Herf’s figures since some of the headlines he cites do not mention Jews).

94
. Ibid., 28-31.

95
. A. N., 23 June 1941, quoted in Manoschek (ed.),
‘Es gibt nur eines’
, 28.

96
. Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 282.

97
. Ibid., illustration, between 166 and 167.

98
. Quoted in ibid., 113.

99
. Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 202-7; Wolfgang Benz, ‘Judenvernichtung aus Notwehr? Die Legenden um Theodore N. Kaufman’,
VfZ
29 (1981), 615-30; more generally, Philipp Gassert,
Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung 1933-1941
(Stuttgart, 1997) esp. ch. 7, and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, ‘Die Sowjetunion in der Propaganda des Dritten Reiches: Das Beispiel der Wochenschau’,
Miliẗrgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 46 (1989), 79-120.

100
. Cited in Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 108; for
The Reich
, see ibid., 20-21.

101
. Longerich,
Politik
, 421-3 and 696 nn. 3, 5, 8; good discussion in Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 78-9 n. 160.

102
Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 410-12.

103
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/I. 269 (19 August 1941); see also Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 113 - 14.

104
. See in particular Gerhard Botz,
Wohnungspolitik und Judendeportation in Wien 1938 bis 1945: Zur Funktion des Antisemitismus als Ersatz nationalsozialistischer Sozialpolitik
(Vienna, 1975) 57-65.

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