304
Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 315-21.
305
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 719 (diary, 16 June 1943).
306
Reich-Ranicki,
The Author of Himself
, 176-92.
307
. Joseph Kermish, ‘Introduction’, in Ringelblum,
Polish-Jewish Relations
, vii-xxxi, at xxiii-xvi, and Ringelblum,
Notes
, ix-xxvii.
308
. Weiss, ‘Jewish Leadership’.
309
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 557.
310
. Sierakowiak,
The Diary
, 77-90 (6 April-15 May 1941), 91-2 (16 May 1941), 133 (28 September 1941), 137-43 (4-23 October 1941).
311
Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 280-81; Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 314-15, 387-9; Avraham Barkai, ‘Between East and West: Jews from Germany in the Lodz Ghetto’, in Michael R. Marrus (ed.),
The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews
(Westport, Conn., 1989), 378-439.
312
. Dobroszycki (ed.),
The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto
, 163 - 5.
313
Sierakowiak,
The Diary
, 173 (25 May 1942), 238 (11 December 1942), 267-8 (14- 15 April 1942); Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 282-3.
314
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 531.
315
Ibid., 529-30; Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides (eds.),
L’d’ Ghetto: Inside a Community under Siege
(New York, 1989), 328-31; Bernhard Chiari,
Alltag hinter der Front: Besatzung, Kollaboration und Widerstand in Weissrussland 1941-1944
(D̈sseldorf, 1998).
316
Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 309-10.
317
. Yitzhak Arad,
Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust
(Jerusalem, 1980).
318
. Philip Friedman,
Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust
(New York, 1980), 294-321.
319
Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 283-4.
320
. Antony Polonsky, ‘Beyond Condemnation, Apologetics and Apologies: On the Complexity of Polish Behaviour Towards the Jews during the Second World War’, in Roger Bullen, Hartmut Pogge Von Strandmann and Antony Polonsky (eds.),
Ideas into Politics: Aspects of European History 1880 to 1950
(London, 1984), 123-43, at 194.
321
Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 657-8 (diary, 1 September 1942).
322
. Wolfram Wette, ‘ “Rassenfeind”: Antisemitismus und Antislawismus in der Wehrmachtspropaganda’, in Manoschek (ed.),
Die Wehrmacht im Rassenkrieg
, 55-73.
323
. Manoschek,
‘Es gibt nur eines’
, 65 (Fw. E. E., 18 December 1942).
324
Ibid., 57 (Am. D. S., 17 May 1942).
325
Hans Safrian, ‘Komplizen des Genozids: Zum Anteil der Heeresgruppe S̈d an der Verfolgung und Ermordung der Juden in der Ukraine 1941’, in Manoschek (ed.),
Die Wehrmacht im Rassenkrieg
, 90-115; Andrej Angrick, ‘Zur Rolle der Miliẗrverwaltung bei der Ermordung der sowjetischen Juden’, in Babette Quinkert (ed.),
‘Wir sind die Herren dieses Landes’: Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen des deutschen ̈berfalls auf die Sowjetunion
(Hamburg, 2002), 104-23.
326
Ḧrter,
Hitlers Heerf̈hrer
, 509-99, explores the mixture of utilitarian and ideological motives that led the senior army commanders on the Eastern Front to tolerate, encourage or lend logistical support to the mass murder of the Jewish population of the area.
327
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 719 (diary, 16 June 1943).
Chapter 4
. THE NEW ORDER
1
. Richard Overy, ‘Rationalization and the “Production Miracle” in Germany during the Second World War’, in idem,
War and Economy in the Third Reich
(Oxford, 1994), 343-75 (quotes on 353-4).
2
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 271-9; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 508-9.
3
. Speer’s account corrected in Gitta Sereny,
Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth
(London, 1995), 274-83; Max M̈ller, ‘Der Tod des Reichsministers Dr Fritz Todt’,
Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht
18 (1967), 602-5; discussion in Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 502-3.
4
Karl-Heinz Ludwig,
Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich
(D̈sseldorf, 1974), 403-72, and M̈ller, ‘The Mobilization’, 453-85.
5
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 261-5, 275-7, 291; Sereny,
Albert Speer
, 291-2.
6
M̈ller, ‘The Mobilization’, 773-86.
7
Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 183-6; Alan S. Milward,
The German Economy at War
(London, 1985), 72-99.
8
See Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 183-6.
9
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 262-3.
10
Quoted in Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 506-7.
11
. Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, III. 309 (24 November 1941).
12
. Budrass,
Flugzeugindustrie
, 724. A contributory factor may have been office intrigues against his position.
13
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 123-4, 508.
14
Ibid., 587-9; Overy, ‘Rationalization’, 356, 343-9.
15
. Walter Naasner,
Neue Machtzentren in der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft 1942-1945
(Boppard, 1994), 471-2.
16
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 280.
17
Ibid., 282-5.
18
. Paul B. Jaskot,
The Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor, and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy
(London, 2000), 80-113.
19
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 287-300 (quote on 295-6); Milward,
The German Economy at War
, 54-71 (for Todt’s achievements).
20
Overy,
War and Economy
, 356-70.
21
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 568-74.
22
Ibid., 578-84.
23
Overy,
War and Economy
, 356-67.
24
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 538.
25
Mark Harrison (ed.),
The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison
(Cambridge, 1998), 26.
26
. Edward R. Zilbert,
Albert Speer and the Nazi Ministry of Arms: Economic Institutions and Industrial Production in the German War Economy
(London, 1981), esp. 184-257; Budrass,
Flugzeugindustrie
, 738-9, 891.
27
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 587-9; Mark Harrison,
Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment and the Defence Burden, 1940-1945
(Cambridge, 1996); and John Barber and Mark Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front, 1941-1945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II
(London, 1991).
28
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 407; M̈ller, ‘The Mobilization’, 723; Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War’, 118.
29
Rolf-Dieter M̈ller, ‘Albert Speer and Armaments Policy in Total War’,
GSWW
V/II, 293-832, at 805.
30
. Harrison (ed.),
The Economics of World War II
, 20-21.
31
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 383-5; Alan S. Milward,
The New Order and the French Economy
(Oxford, 1984), 81.
32
. Many further examples in G̈tz Aly,
Hitler’s Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State
(New York, 2007 [2005]); also Elmsḧuser and Lokers (eds.),
‘Man muss hier nur hart sein’
, 55, 62, 63, 68 etc.
33
. Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham (eds.),
Nazism 1919-1945
, III:
Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination: A Documentary Reader
(Exeter, 1988), 295; Alan S. Milward,
War, Economy and Society 1939-1945
(London, 1987 [1977]), 137.
34
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 386-8; Overy
et al
. (eds.),
Die ‘Neuordnung’ Europas
.
35
Milward,
War, Economy and Society
, 139-41.
36
. Milward,
The New Order and the French Economy
, 111.
37
. Harrison (ed.),
The Economics of World War II
, 22.
38
Milward,
War, Economy and Society
, 138-45.
39
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 389-91; Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism
, III. 297-8.
40
. Harald Wixforth,
Die Expansion der Dresdner Bank in Europa
(Munich, 2006), 871-902.
41
Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism
, III. 274-80, at 280.
42
. Alan Milward,
The Fascist Economy in Norway
(Oxford, 1972), 1, 3; idem,
War, Economy and Society
, 153-7; Ludolf Herbst,
Der totale Krieg und die Ordnung der Wirtschaft: Die Kriegswirtschaft im Spannungfeld von Politik, Ideologie und Propaganda 1939-1945
(Stuttgart, 1982), 127-44.
43
Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism
, III. 283-4.
44
. Ibid., 286.
45
Milward,
The New Order and the French Economy
, 23-8.
46
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 391-3.
47
Milward,
The New Order and the French Economy
, 147-80.
48
. Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism
, III. 290.
49
. Ibid., 292.
50
. Ibid., 292.
51
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 409-10; Milward,
The New Order and the French Economy
, 293-4.
52
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 411-12.
53
Ibid., 418-19; Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism
, III. 298.
54
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 412-18.
55
Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism
, III. 304-9.
56
. Franz Neumann,
Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism 1933- 1944
(New York, 1944 [1942]), 293.
57
. Harold James,
The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War against the Jews: The Expropriation of Jewish-Owned Property
(Cambridge, 2001), 213-14.
58
Walter Naasner,
SS
-
Wirtschaft und SS
-
Verwaltung
(D̈sseldorf, 1998), 164-7; Michael Thad Allen,
The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2002), 58-71, 107-12.
59
. Naasner,
Neue Machtzentren
, 197-44; Georg Enno,
Die wirtschaftlichen Unternehmungen der SS
(Stuttgart, 1963), 70-71, 145.
60
. Jan Erik Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung: Das Wirtschaftsimperium der SS: Oswald Pohl und das SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt 1933-1945
(Paderborn, 2001), 440-41.
61
. Berenice A. Carroll,
Design for Total War: Arms and Economics in the Third Reich
(The Hague, 1968), 233.
62
. Paul Erker,
Industrie-Eliten in der NS-Zeit: Anpassungsbereitschaft und Eigeninteresse von Unternehmen in der R̈stungs- und Kriegswirtschaft 1936-1945
(Passau, 1993), 73-5.
63
. Johannes B̈hr,
Die Dresdner Bank in der Wirtschaft des Dritten Reichs
(Munich, 2006), 477-570.
64
. Peter Hayes,
From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich
(Cambridge, 2004), 190-91.
65
. See Jonathan Steinberg,
The Deutsche Bank and its Gold Transactions during the Second World War
(Munich, 1999).
66
. Erna Spiewack, television interview 1998, quoted in Hayes,
From Cooperation to Complicity
, 193.
67
. Overy, ‘Rationalization’, 368.
68
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 567-9.
69
. Peter W. Becker, ‘Fritz Sauckel: Plenipotentiary for the Mobilisation of Labour’, in Smelser and Zitelmann (eds.),
The Nazi Elite
, 194-201.
70
Ibid.; also Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, 161-3; Edward L. Homze,
Foreign Labor in Nazi Germany
(Princeton, N.J., 1967), 111-53; Hans Pfahlmann,
Fremdarbeiter und Kriegsgefangene in der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft 1939 - 1945
(Darmstadt, 1968), 16-22.
71
. See generally Ela Hornung
et al
., ‘Zwangsarbeit in der Landwirtschaft’,
DRZW
IX/II. 577-666.
72
. Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, 84-9; Christa Tholander,
Fremdarbeiter 1939 bis 1945: Ausl̈ndische Arbeitskr̈fte in der Zeppelin-Stadt Friedrichshafen
(Essen, 2001), 34-104.
73
. Spoerer,
Zwangsarbeit
, 35-88, provides a detailed country-by-country account of recruitment; see also Pfahlmann,
Fremdarbeiter
, 82-103 and 176-92 for prisoners of war.