150
. The best recent account is Jackson,
France
; see also Vinen,
The Unfree French
; Ian Ousby,
Occupation: The Ordeal of France 1940-1944
(London, 1997); and the classic, pioneering study by Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940- 1944
(London, 1972).
151
. Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
(New York, 1981), 23-72; Paula Hyman,
From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906-1939
(New York, 1979) and Pierre Birnbaum,
Anti-semitism in France: A Political History from Le’on Blum to the Present
(Oxford, 1992 [1988]).
152
Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France
, 177-314.
153
. Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 109-16; Longerich,
Politik
, 435. For the camps, see Regina M. Delacor, ‘From Potential Friends to Potential Enemies: The Internment of “Hostile Foreigners” in France at the Beginning of the Second World War’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 35 (2000), 361-8; more generally, on the occupied zone, Philippe Burrin,
France under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise
(New York, 1996).
154
. David Carroll,
French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture
(Princeton, N.J., 1995).
155
. Anne Grynberg,
Les Camps de la honte: Les internes juifs des camps franc¸ais, 1939- 1944
(Paris, 1991); Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France
, 121-76; Rene’e Poznanski,
Jews in France during World War II
(Hanover, 2001 [1994]), 42 - 55.
156
. Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 169-78.
157
. Longerich,
Politik
, 435.
158
. Ahrlich Meyer, Tâ
̈ter im Verhör: Die Endl̈sung der Judenfrage in Frankreich 1940- 1944
(Darmstadt, 2005), and Barbara Lambauer, ‘Opportunistischer Antisemitismus: Der deutsche Botschafter Otto Abetz und die Judenverfolgung in Frankreich’,
VfZ
53 (2005), 241 - 73.
159
. Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 157-78; for Dannecker’s background and deep-dyed antisemitism, see Claudia Steur,
Theodor Dannecker: Ein Funktion̈r der ‘Endlösung’
(Essen, 1997), 14-91; for the race laws and their application in France, see Susan Zuccotti,
The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews
(New York, 1993), 51-64 (also 65-80 for the camps). More generally, see also the account in Jackson,
France
, 354 - 84.
160
. Longerich,
Politik
, 434 - 40.
161
. Gerald Schwab,
The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan
(New York, 1990).
162
. Jacques Adler,
The Jews of Paris and the Final Solution: Communal Responses and Internal Conflicts, 1940-1944
(New York, 1987).
163
. Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France
, 281-340; see also Carmen Callil,
Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family and Fatherland
(London, 2007).
164
. Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 377.
165
. Poznanski,
Jews in France
, 237 - 50.
166
. Ibid., 303-55; Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France
, 250-55; Zuccotti,
The Holocaust
, 103-17; Asher Cohen,
Pers’cutions et sauvetages: Juifs et Fran¸ais sous l’Occupation et sous Vichy
(Paris, 1993), 269-7.
167
. Richard I. Cohen,
The Burden of Conscience: French Jewish Leadership during the Holocaust
(Bloomington, Ind., 1987); Cohen,
Pers’cutions
, 125 - 90.
168
. Michèle Cointet,
L’E
’
glise sous Vichy, 1940-1945: La r’pentance en question
(Paris, 1998).
169
. Jackson,
France
, 221-4.
170
. Witte
et al
. (eds.),
Der Dienstkalender
, 637.
171
. Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 178-9.
172
. Cohen,
Perse’cutions
, 191-240, analyses changing public opinion in France; see also Jackson,
France
, 233-5.
173
. Cohen,
Perse’cutions
, 496.
174
. Jackson,
France
, 213-35, 389-426.
175
. Martin Conway,
Collaboration in Belgium: L’on Degrelle and the Rexist Movement 1940-1944
(London, 1993), 22 - 7, 286-9.
176
. Werner Warmbrunn,
The Dutch under German Occupation, 1940-1945
(London, 1963), 24 - 5, 32 - 4, 261-5; Gerhard Hirschfeld,
Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940 - 1945
(Oxford, 1988 [1984]), 5 - 6. Konrad Kwiet,
Reichskommissariat Niederlande: Versuch und Scheitern nationalsozialistischer Neuordnung
(Stuttgart, 1968) argues that collaboration with the bourgeois establishment was less successful.
177
. Bob Moore,
Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands, 1940 - 1945
(London, 1997), 19 - 90.
178
. Moore,
Victims and Survivors
, 146-89; Anne Frank,
The Diary of a Young Girl
(New York, 1995).
179
. Moore,
Victims and Survivors
, 91-115, 195-206; Louis de Jong, ‘The Netherlands and Auschwitz’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 7 (1968), 39 - 55; Gerhard Hirschfeld, ‘Niederlande’, in Wolfgang Benz (ed.),
Dimension des Völkermords: Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus
(Munich, 1991), 137-63.
180
. Moore,
Victims and Survivors
, 102-4.
181
. Ibid., 125-6.
182
. Dan Michman (ed.),
Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans
(Jerusalem, 1998).
183
. Moore,
Victims and Survivors
, 2, 255; Maxime Steinberg,
La Perse’cution des Juifs en Belgique (1940-1945)
(Brussels, 2004), 77-108 (for economic measures) and 157-91 (for the role of the police).
184
. William B. Cohen and Jörgen Svensson, ‘Finland and the Holocaust’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 9 (1995), 70-92; Longerich,
Politik
, 520.
185
. Ibid., 531-2.
186
. Paul A. Levine,
From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938-1944
(Uppsala, 1998); Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 449, 454.
187
. Jozef Lewandowski, ‘Early Swedish Information about the Nazis’ Mass Murder of the Jews’,
Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry
, 13 (2000), 113-27; Steven Kublik,
The Stones Cry Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945
(New York, 1988).
188
. Ulrich Herbert,
Best: Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft, 1903-1989
(Bonn, 1996), 323-41.
189
. Longerich,
Politik
, 555-8; Herbert,
Best
, 360-73; Leni Yahil,
The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy
(Philadelphia, Pa., 1969), 233-84; and Levine,
From Indifference to Activism
, 229-45. See also the controversy between Gunnar S. Paulsson, ‘The Bridge over the Øresund: The Historiography on the Expulsion of the Jews from Nazi-occupied Denmark’, in David Cesarani (ed.),
Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies
(London, 2004), V. 99-127, and Hans Kirchhoff, ‘Denmark: A Light in the Darkness of the Holocaust? A Reply to Gunnar S. Paulsson’, ibid., 128-39.
190
. Quoted in Longerich,
Politik
, 558.
191
. Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 352.
192
. Longerich,
Politik
, 558-60.
193
. Mark Mazower,
Salonica: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950
(London, 2004), 421-42; Longerich,
Politik
, 526-7, 546 - 7, 561-2.
194
. G̈tz Aly, ‘Die Deportation der Juden von Rhodos nach Auschwitz’,
Mittelweg
, 36 (2003), 79-88.
195
. Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 205-25.
196
. Hillgruber (ed.),
Staatsmänner und Diplomaten
, II. 494; on Vatican intervention in Romania, see Theodore Lavi, ‘The Vatican’s Endeavors on Behalf of Romanian Jewry during the Second World War’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 5(1963), 405-18.
197
. Tzvetan Todorov,
The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria’s Jews Survived the Holocaust
(London, 1999); more generally, Friedländer,
The Years of Extermination
, 452, 485 (quoting Ribbentrop); Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 198-204; Crampton,
Bulgaria
, 264-6; Stephane Groueff,
Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943
(Lanham, Md., 1987), 316-31; and Frederick B. Chary,
The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944
(Pittsburgh, Pa., 1972).
198
. Hillgruber (ed.),
Staatsmänner und Diplomaten
, II. 256.
199
. Longerich,
Politik
, 491-2, 563-5.
200
. Livia Rothkirchen, ‘The Situation of the Jews in Slovakia between 1939 and 1945’,
Jahrbuch fü̈r Antisemitismusforschung
, 7 (1998), 46-70; Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 372-4, 485-6 (quote at 373-4).
201
. Ibid., 669; Rothkirchen, ‘The Situation of the Jews’; John F. Morley,
Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1945
(New York, 1980).
202
. Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France
, 215-80.
203
. Ahlrich Meyer,
Die deutsche Besatzung in Frankreich 1940-1944: Widerstandbek̈mpfung und Judenverfolgung
(Darmstadt, 2000), 149-68.
204
. Bob Moore ‘Comparing Resistance and Resistance Movements’, in idem (ed.),
Resistance in Western Europe
(Oxford, 2000), 249-62.
205
. For Greece, see Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece
, esp. 265-354.
206
. Klukowski,
Diary
, 197 (17 May 1942).
207
. Ibid., 229-31 (7-14 December 1942).
208
. Ibid., 235-7 (1-16 January 1943), 282 (29 September 1943), 286 (19 October 1943).
209
. Ibid., 155-6 (12 June 1941), 159 (21 June 1941); Gross,
Polish Society
, 213-91.
210
. Klukowski,
Diary
, 244-5 (22- 5 February 1943).
211
. Ibid., 299 (5 February 1944), 305 (2 March 1944).
212
. Borodziej,
Terror und Politik
, 162-209.
213
. Quoted in Hans Umbreit, ‘Das unbewä̈ltigte Problem: Der Partisanenkrieg im R̈cken der Ostfront’, in J̈rgen F̈rster (ed.),
Stalingrad: Ereignis: Wirkung und Symbol
(Munich, 1992), 130-49, at 142- 3.
214
. Peter Klein, ‘Zwischen den Fronten: Die Zivilbev̈lkerung Weissrusslands und der Krieg der Wehrmacht gegen die Partisanen’, in Quinkert (ed.),
‘Wir sind die Herren dieses Landes’
, 82-103.
215
. Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 250.
216
. Klukowski,
Diary
, 223-6 (4-20 November 1942).
217
. Ibid., 227 (26 November 1942).
218
. Dina Porat, ‘The Vilna Proclamation of January 1, 1942, in Historical Perspective’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 25 (1996), 99 - 136.
219
. Nechama Tec,
Ich wollte retten: Die unglaubliche Geschichte der Bielski-Partisanen 1942 - 1944
(Berlin, 2002).
220
. Sven Erichson (ed.),
Abschied ist immer: Briefe an den Bruder im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 78; more generally, Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 408 - 17.
221
. David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House,
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
(Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 98 - 107.
222
. Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 445 (15 June 1942).
223
. Elmsḧuser and Lokers (eds.),
‘Man muss hier nur hart sein’
, 181 (letter to Frieda, 20 July 1942).
224
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 296-8, 412; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 118-48; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 105-19; Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 470 (13 - 15 July 1942).
225
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 526 - 8.
226
. Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, III. 489 (23 July 1942).
227
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 332.
228
. Bellamy,
Absolute War
, 351 - 408; David Glantz,
The Siege of Leningrad 1941 - 1944: 900 Days of Terror
(London, 2004); Harrison E. Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
(London, 1969).
229
. Quoted in Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 531 - 2.
230
. Meier-Welcker,
Aufzeichnungen
, 159 (9 April 1942).