This Changes Everything (83 page)

42
. Jackie Calmes and Michael D. Shear, “Interview with President Obama,”
New York Times
, July 27, 2013.

43
. “Presidential Memorandum—Power Sector Carbon Pollution Standards,” White House Office of the Press
Secretary, June 25, 2013,
http://www.whitehouse.gov
; Mark Hertsgaard, “A Top Obama Aide Says History Won’t Applaud the President’s Climate Policy,”
Harper’s
, June 2, 2014.

44
. Keynote Address (video), 6th International Conference on Climate Change, The Heartland Institute, June 30, 2011.

45
. Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea, “Methane and the Greenhouse-Gas Footprint of
Natural Gas from Shale Formations,”
Climatic Change
106 (2011): 679–90.

46
. 
Ibid.,
681-85, 687; Gunnar Myhre et al., “Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing,” in
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
, ed. T. F. Stocker et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013),
714.

47
. 
Ibid.
; personal interview with Robert Howarth, April 10, 2014.

48
. Howarth provides a helpful overview of subsequent research on methane emissions from shale gas, arguing that this work has bolstered the key conclusions of the 2011 paper, in: Robert W. Howarth, “A Bridge to Nowhere: Methane Emissions and the Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Natural Gas,”
Energy Science & Engineering
2(2014):
47–60. FIRST PEER-REVIEWED: Howarth, Santoro, and Ingraffea, “Methane and the Greenhouse-Gas Footprint of Natural Gas from Shale Formations,” 687; QUICK TO VOLUNTEER: Bryan Schutt, “Methane Emissions ‘Achilles’ Heel’ of Shale Gas, Cornell Professor Contends,” SNL Daily Gas Report, May 23, 2011; LACK OF TRANSPARENCY: Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea, “Venting and Leaking
of Methane from Shale Gas Development: Response to Cathles et al.,”
Climatic Change
113 (2012): 539–40; FOOTNOTE: “U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2012,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, October 2013, p. ii; Scot M. Miller et al., “Anthropogenic emissions of methane in the United States,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
110 (2013): 20018–20022; “Changing the
Game? Emissions and Market Implications of New Natural Gas Supplies,” Energy Modeling Forum, Stanford University, EMF Report No. 26, Vol. 1, September 2013, p. vii; Shakeb Afsah and Kendyl Salcito, “Us Coal Exports Erode All Co
₂
Savings from Shale Gas,” CO
₂
Scorecard Group, March 24, 2014,
http://www.co2scorecard.org
.

49
. Stefan Wagstyl, “German Coal Use at Highest Level Since 1990,”
Financial
Times
, January 7, 2014; Stefan Nicola and Ladka Bauerova, “In Europe, Dirty Coal Makes a Comeback,”
Bloomberg Businessweek
, February 27, 2014.

50
. Chester Dawson and Carolyn King, “Exxon Unit Seeks Canada Approval for Oil-Sands Project,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 17, 2013; “Environmental Responsibility,” Kearl, Operations,
Imperial,
http://www.imperialoil.ca
; “Fuel for Thought: The Economic
Benefits of Oil Sands Investment for Canada’s Regions,” Conference Board of Canada, October 2012, pp. 3, 9.

51
. Leila Coimbra and Sabrina Lorenzi, “BG to Spend $30 Billion on Brazil Offshore Oil by 2025,” Reuters, May 24, 2012; “Chevron Announces $39.8 Billion Capital and Exploratory Budget for 2014,” Chevron, press release, December 11, 2013; “Gorgon Project Overview,” Chevron, May 2014, pp.
1-2,
http://www.chevronaustralia.com
; Andrew Callus, “Record-Breaking Gas Ship Launched, Bigger One Planned,” Reuters, December 3, 2013; “A Revolution in Natural Gas Production,” Shell Global,
http://www.shell.com
.

52
. “Gorgon Project Overview,” p. 1; “Prelude FLNG in Numbers,” Shell Global,
http://www.shell.com
; “Operations: Kearl Oil Sands Project,” Overview, Imperial Oil,
http://www.imperialoil.ca
; “Sunrise Energy Project,” Husky Energy,
http://www.huskyenergy.com
; Kevin Anderson and Alice Bows, “Beyond ‘Dangerous’ Climate Change: Emission Scenarios for a New World,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
369 (2011): 35.

53
. “Reserve-Replacement Ratio,” Investopedia Dictionary,
http://www.investopedia.com
.

54
. Fred Pals, “Shell Lagged Behind BP in Replacing Reserves in 2008,”
Bloomberg, March 17, 2009; “Royal Dutch Shell Plc Strategy Update 2009—Final,” Fair Disclosure Wire, March 17, 2009; Robin Pagnamenta, “Anger as Shell Cuts Back on Its Investment in Renewables,”
The Times
(London), March 18, 2009; “Royal Dutch Shell Plc Updates on Strategy to Improve Performance and Grow,” Royal Dutch Shell, press release, March 16, 2010; Robert Perkins, “Shell Eyes 2012 Output
of 3.5 Million Boe/d,”
Platts Oilgram Price Report
, March 17, 2010.

55
. “World Energy Outlook 2013,” International Energy Agency, 2013, pp. 471–72.

56
. “Exxon Mobil Corporation Announces 2011 Reserves Replacement,” ExxonMobil, press release, February 23, 2012.

57
. The figures given in this passage can vary, as there are different estimates of the carbon budget for limiting warming to 2°C. The
original Carbon Tracker report relied on a seminal
Nature
paper published in 2009: James Leaton, “Unburnable Carbon: Are the World’s Financial Markets Carrying a Carbon Bubble?” Carbon Tracker Initiative, 2011, pp. 6–7; Malte Meinshausen et al., “Greenhouse-Gas Emission Targets for Limiting Global Warming to 2°C,”
Nature
458 (2009): 1161. For an updated analysis from Carbon Tracker, refer to:
James Leaton et al., “Unburnable Carbon 2013: Wasted Capital and Stranded Assets,” Carbon Tracker Initiative, 2013. For 2 degree carbon budget estimates in the latest IPCC Assessment Report, see: “Summary for Policymakers,” in
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
, ed. T.
F. Stocker et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 27–28. “THE THING TO NOTICE”: Bill McKibben, speech, New York City, Do the Math Tour, 350.org, November 16, 2012.

58
. John Fullerton, “The Big Choice,” Capital Institute, July 19, 2011; Leaton, “Unburnable Carbon,” p. 6.

59
. Total oil and gas industry lobby spending in 2013 was $144,878,531, according to the Center for Responsive
Politics: “Oil & Gas,” OpenSecrets.org, Center for Responsive Politics,
https://www .opensecrets.org
; ELECTION SPENDING: “Oil and Gas: Long-Term Contribution Trends,” OpenSecrets.org, Center for Responsive Politics,
https://www.opensecrets.org
.

60
. Daniel Cayley-Daoust and Richard Girard, “Big Oil’s Oily Grasp: The Making of Canada as a Petro-State and How Oil Money is Corrupting Canadian Politics,”
Polaris Institute, December 2012, p. 3; Damian Carrington, “Energy Companies Have Lent More Than 50 Staff to Government Departments,”
Guardian
, December 5, 2011.

61
. Google Finance historical price records for ExxonMobil, Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, ConocoPhillips, BP, Anglo American, and Arch Coal between the dates of December 1, 2009 and December 31, 2009, particularly December 18.

62
. Suzanne
Goldenberg, “Exxon Mobil Agrees to Report on Climate Change’s Effect on Business Model,”
Guardian
, March 20, 2014; “Energy and Carbon—Managing the Risks,” ExxonMobil, 2014, pp. 1, 8, 16.

63
. Personal email communication with John Ashton, March 20, 2014.

64
. Mark Dowie,
Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 25.

65
. Yotam
Marom, “Confessions of a Climate Change Denier,” Waging Nonviolence, July 30, 2013.

66
. “Paxman vs. Brand—Full Interview” (video),
BBC Newsnight
, October 23, 2013.

67
. “System Change—Not Climate Change,” A People’s Declaration from Klimaforum09, December 2009.

68
. Miya Yoshitani, “Confessions of a Climate Denier in Tunisia,” Asian Pacific Environment Network, May 8, 2013.

69
. Nick Cohen, “The
Climate Change Deniers Have Won,”
The Observer
, March 22, 2014.

70
. Philip Radford, “The Environmental Case for a Path to Citizenship,” Huffington Post, March 14, 2013; Anna Palmer and Darren Samuelsohn, “Sierra Club Backs Immigration Reform,”
Politico
, April 24, 2013; “Statement on Immigration Reform,” BlueGreen Alliance,
http://www .bluegreenalliance.org
; May Boeve, “Solidarity with the Immigration
Reform Movement,” 350 .org, March 22, 2013,
http://350.org
.

71
. Pamela Gossin,
Encyclopedia of Literature and Science
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002), 208; William Blake, “And Did Those Feet in Ancient Time,” poem in
The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 95.

72
. Personal interview with Colin Miller, March 14, 2011; Simon Romero, “Bus-Fare
Protests Hit Brazil’s Two Biggest Cities,”
New York Times
, June 13, 2013; Larry Rohter, “Brazil’s Workers Take to Streets in One-Day Strike,”
New York Times
, July 11, 2013.

CHAPTER 5: BEYOND EXTRACTIVISM

1
. Steve Stockman, Twitter post, March 21, 2013, 2:33 p.m. ET,
https://twitter.com
.

2
. Ben Dangl, “Miners Just Took 43 Police Officers Hostage in Bolivia,”
Vice
, April 3, 2014.

3
. Rodrigo
Castro et al., “Human-Nature Interaction in World Modeling with Modelica,” prepared for the Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10–12, 2014,
http://www.ep.liu.se
.

4
. Personal interview with Nerida-Ann Steshia Hubert, March 30, 2012.

5
. Hermann Joseph Hiery,
The Neglected War: The German South Pacific and the Influence of World War I
(Honolulu: University of Hawai’i
Press, 1995), 116–25, 241; “Nauru,” New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, updated December 9, 2013,
http://wwww.mfat.govt.nz
; “Nauru” (video), NFSA Australia, NFSA Films.

6
. Charles J. Hanley, “Tiny Pacific Isle’s Citizens Rich, Fat and Happy—Thanks to the Birds,” Associated Press, March 31, 1985; Steshia Hubert interview, March 30, 2012.

7
. “Country Profile and National Anthem,”
Permanent Mission of the Republic of Nauru to the United Nations, United Nations,
http://www.un.int
; Jack Hitt, “The Billion-Dollar Shack,”
New York Times Magazine
, December 10, 2000.

8
. Hiery,
The Neglected War
, 116–25, 241; “Nauru,” New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

9
. Hitt, “The Billion-Dollar Shack”; David Kendall, “Doomed Island,”
Alternatives Journal
, January 2009.

10
. “Nauru” (video), NFSA Films.

11
. Philip Shenon, “A Pacific Island Is Stripped of Everything,”
New York Times,
December 10, 1995.

12
. Hitt, “The Billion-Dollar Shack”; Robert Matau, “Road Deaths Force Nauru to Review Traffic Laws,” Islands Business, July 10, 2013; “The Fattest Place on Earth” (video),
Nightline
, ABC, January 3, 2011; Steshia Hubert interview, March 30, 2012.

13
. Hitt, “The
Billion-Dollar Shack”; “Nauru,” Country Profile, U.N. Data,
http://data.un.org
.

14
. “Nauru,” Overview, Rand McNally,
http://education.randmcnally.com
; Tony Thomas, “The Naughty Nation of Nauru,”
The Quadrant
, January/February 2013; Andrew Kaierua et al., “Nauru,” in
Climate Change in the Pacific
, Scientific Assessment and New Research, Volume 2:
Country Reports, Australian Bureau of Meteorology
and CSIRO, 2011, pp. 134, 140; “Fresh Water Supplies a Continual Challenge to the Region,” Applied Geoscience and Technology Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, press release, January 18, 2011.

15
. Glenn Albrecht, “The Age of Solastalgia,”
The Conversation
, August 7, 2012.

16
. Kendall, “Doomed Island.”

17
. “Nauru: Phosphate Roller Coaster; Elections with Tough Love Theme,” August
13, 2007, via WikiLeaks,
http://www.wikileaks.org
.

18
. Nick Bryant, “Will New Nauru Asylum Centre Deliver Pacific Solution?”
BBC News
, June 20, 2013; Rob Taylor, “Ruling Clouds Future of Australia Detention Center,”
Wall Street Journal
, January 30, 2014; “Nauru Camp a Human Rights Catastrophe with No End in Sight,” Amnesty International, press release, November 23, 2012; “What We Found on Nauru,”
Amnesty International, December 17, 2012; “Hundreds Continue 11-Day Nauru Hunger Strike,” ABC News (Australia), November 12, 2012.

19
. Bryant, “Will New Nauru Asylum Centre Deliver Pacific Solution?”; Oliver Laughland, “Nauru Immigration Detention Centre—Exclusive Pictures,”
Guardian
, December 6, 2013; “Hundreds Continue 11-Day Nauru Hunger Strike,” ABC News (Australia); “Police Attend Full-Scale
Riot at Asylum Seeker Detention Centre on Nauru,” ABC News (Australia), July 20, 2013.

20
. “Nauru Camp a Human Rights Catastrophe with No End in Sight,” Amnesty International, press release, November 23, 2012; “UNHCR Monitoring Visit to the Republic of Nauru, 7 to 9 October 2013,” United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, November 26, 2013; Mark Isaacs,
The Undesirables
(Richmond, Victoria:
Hardie Grant Books, 2014), 99; Deborah Snow, “Asylum Seekers: Nothing to Lose, Desperation on Nauru,”
Sydney Morning Herald
, March 15, 2014.