This Changes Everything (90 page)

13
. William Shakespeare,
King Henry IV
:
Part 1
, in
The Arden Shakespeare
, ed. David Scott Kastan (London: Thompson Learning, 2002), 246; James Ball, “EDF Drops Lawsuit Against Environmental Activists After Backlash,”
Guardian
, March 13, 2013.

14
. 
John Vidal, “Russian Military Storm Greenpeace Arctic Oil Protest Ship,”
Guardian
, September 19, 2013; “Greenpeace Activists
Being Given Russian Exit Visas After Amnesty,” UPI, December 26, 2013.

15
. David Pierson, “Coal Mining in China’s Inner Mongolia Fuel Tensions,”
Los Angeles Times
, June 2, 2011; Jonathan Watts, “Herder’s Death Deepens Tensions in Inner Mongolia,”
Guardian
, May 27, 2011.

16
. “About,” Front Line Action on Coal,
http://frontlineaction.wordpress.com
; Oliver Laughland, “Maules Creek Coal Mine Divides
Local Families and Communities,”
Guardian
, April 9, 2014; “Maules Creek Coal Project Environmental Assessment,” Section 7: Impacts, Management and Mitigation, Whitehaven Coal Limited, Hansen Bailey, July 2011, pp. 90–91; Ian Lowe, “Maules Creek Proposed Coal Mine: Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” submission to the Maules Creek Community Council, 2012,
http://www.maulescreek.org
; “Quarterly Update of
Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2013,” Australia’s National Greenhouse Accounts, Department of the Environment, Australian Government, 2014, p. 6.

17
. “Dredging, Dumping and the Great Barrier Reef,” Australian Marine Conservation Society, May 2014, p. 3.

18
. “Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL Project,” U.S. Department of State, August 2011, Table
3.13.1-4: Reported Incidents for Existing Keystone Oil Pipeline, section 3.13, pp. 11–14; Nathan Vanderklippe, “Oil Spills Intensify Focus on New Pipeline Proposals,”
Globe and Mail
, May 9, 2011; Carrie Tait, “Pump Station Spill Shuts Keystone Pipeline,”
Globe and Mail
, May 31, 2011; Art Hovey, “TransCanada Cleaning Up Spill at N.D. Pump Station,”
Lincoln Journal Star
(Nebraska), May 10, 2011.

19
. Jamie Henn, “40,000+ Join ‘Forward on Climate” Rally in Washington, DC,” Huffington Post, February 17, 2013; personal email communications with Ramsey Sprague, Tar Sands Blockade, January 22–23, 2014.

20
. “Oil Sands Export Ban: BC First Nations Unite to Declare Province-Wide Opposition to Crude Oil Pipeline,” Yinka Dene Alliance, press release, December 1, 2011.

21
. Ian Ewing, “Pipe Piling
Up,”
CIM Magazine
, October 2013; Shawn McCarthy, “Keystone Pipeline Approval ‘Complete No-Brainer,’ Harper Says,”
Globe and Mail
, September 21, 2011.

22
. Ossie Michelin, “Amanda Polchies, the Woman in Iconic Photo, Says Image Represents ‘Wisp of Hope,’ ” APTN, October 24, 2013; “Greek Granny Goads Riot Police at Gold Mining Protest with Wartime Song,” (video) Keep Talking Greece, March 8, 2013;
David Herron, “Government Still Ensuring Hydraulic Fracturing Happens in Pungesti, Romania, Despite Protests by Villagers,” The Long Tail Pipe, January 5, 2014.

23
. FOOTNOTE: Maxime Combes, “Let’s Frackdown the Fracking Companies,” in Leah Temper, et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization: Yasunization and Other Initiatives to Leave Fossil Fuels in the Soil,” EJOLT Report No. 6, May 2013, p. 92.

24
. Esperanza Martínez, “The Yasuní—ITT Initiative from a Political Economy and Political Ecology Perspective,” in Temper et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization,” p. 11; KC Golden, “The Keystone Principle,” Getting a GRIP on Climate Solutions, February 15, 2013.

25
. “Chop Fine: The Human Rights Impact of Local Government Corruption and Mismanagement in Rivers State, Nigeria,” Human Rights Watch,
January 2007, p. 16; “Niger Delta Human Development Report,” United Nations Development Programme, 2006, p. 76; Adam Nossiter, “Far from Gulf, a Spill Scourge 5 Decades Old,”
New York Times
, June 16, 2010; Christian Purefoy, “Nigerians Angry at Oil Pollution Double Standards,” CNN, June 30, 2010.

26
. Nigeria flared about 515 billion cubic feet (14.6 billion cubic meters) of natural gas in 2011,
according to satellite data from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; assuming 127 kilowatt hours per Mcf of natural gas, following the U.S. Energy Information Administration, this could theoretically produce nearly three times as much electricity as Nigeria consumed in 2011 (which was about 23.1 billion kWh). Roughly half of Nigerians do not currently have electricity access.
Also according to EIA data, CO
₂
emissions from gas flaring in Nigeria totaled about 31.1 million metric tons in 2011, just over 40 percent of Nigeria’s total emissions
from energy consumption that year. For data sources, see: “Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data, 2007–2011,” World Bank, Global Gas Flaring Reduction,
http://web.worldbank.org
; “Frequently Asked Questions: How Much Coal,
Natural Gas, or Petroleum is Used to Generate a Kilowatthour of Electricity?” U.S. Energy Information, U.S. Department of Energy,
http://www.eia.gov
; “International Energy Statistics,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy,
http://www.eia.gov
. DELTA COMMUNITIES LACK: Paul Francis, Deirdre Lapin, and Paula Rossiasco, “Niger Delta: A Social and Conflict Analysis for Change,”
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011, p. 10; Richard Essein, “Unemployment Highest in Niger Delta,”
Daily Times Nigeria
, March 30, 2011; “Communities Not Criminals: Illegal Oil Refining in the Niger Delta,” Stakeholder Democracy Network, October 2013, p. 4.

27
. Jedrzej George Frynas, “Political Instability and Business: Focus on Shell in Nigeria,”
Third World Quarterly
19 (1998):
463; Alan Detheridge and Noble Pepple (Shell), “A Response to Frynas,”
Third World Quarterly
3 (1998): 481-482.

28
. Note that after Shell pulled out, pipelines crossing Ogoni territory from other wells remained active. Godwin Uyi Ojo, “Nigeria, Three Complementary Viewpoints on the Niger Delta,” in Temper et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization,” pp. 39–40; “Nigeria Ogoniland Oil Clean-up ‘Could
Take 30 Years,’ ”
BBC News
, August 4, 2011; Carley Petesch, “Shell Niger Delta Oil Spill: Company to Negotiate Compensation and Cleanup with Nigerians,” Associated Press, September 9, 2013; Eghosa E. Osaghae, “The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the Future of the Nigerian State,”
African Affairs
94 (1995): 325–344.

29
. Osuoka interview, January 10, 2014; Ojo in Temper et
al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization,” p. 40.

30
. Elisha Bala-Gbogbo, “Nigeria Says Revenue Gap May Reach as Much as $12 Billion,” Bloomberg, November 1, 2013; Ed Pilkington, “14 Years After Ken Saro-Wiwa’s Death, Family Points Finger at Shell in Court,”
Guardian
, May 26, 2009; Frank Aigbogun, “It Took Five to Hang Saro-Wiwa,” Associated Press, November 13, 1995; Andrew Rowell and Stephen Kretzmann,
“The Ogoni Struggle,” report, Project Underground, Berkeley, California, 1996.

31
. Bronwen Manby, “The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria’s Oil Producing Communities,” Human Rights Watch, HRW Index No. 1-56432-225-4, January 1999, pp. 123–26.

32
. “The Kaiama Declaration,” United Ijaw, 1998,
http://www.unitedijaw.com
.

33
. 
Ibid.

34
. Personal interview
with Isaac Osuoka, January 10, 2014.

35
. Isaac Osuoka, “Operation Climate Change,” in
Climate Change: Who’s Carrying the Burden? The Chilly Climates of the Global Environmental Dilemma,
ed. L. Anders Sandberg and Tor Sandberg (Ottawa: The Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives, 2010), 166.

36
. Bronwen Manby, “Nigeria: Crackdown in the Niger Delta,” Human Rights Watch, Vol. 11, No. 2 (A), May
1999, pp. 2, 11, 13–17.

37
. Ojo in Temper et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization,” p. 44.

38
. Paul M. Barrett, “Ecuadorian Court Cuts Chevron’s Pollution Bill in Half,”
Bloomberg Businessweek
, November 13, 2013; “Supreme Court will hear Chevron appeal in Ecuador environmental damages case,” The Canadian Press, April 3, 2014.

39
. Bob Deans, “Big Coal, Cold Cash, and the GOP,”
OnEarth
, February
22, 2012.

40
. Clifford Krauss, “Shale Boom in Texas Could Increase U.S. Oil Output,”
New York Times
, May 27, 2011.

41
. Brian Milner, “ ‘Saudi America’ Heads for Energy Independence,”
Globe and Mail
, March 18, 2012; “Moving Crude Oil by Rail,” Association of American Railroads, December 2013; Clifford Krauss and Jad Mouawad, “Accidents Surge as Oil Industry Takes the Train,”
New York Times
, January
25, 2014; “Kim Mackrael, “How Bakken Crude Moved from North Dakota to Lac-Mégantic,”
Globe and Mail,
July 8, 2014; Jim Monk, “Former Gov. Sinner Proposes National Rail Safety Discussion,” KFGO (North Dakota), January 7, 2014.

42
. Nathan Vanderklippe and Shawn McCarthy, “Without Keystone XL, Oil Sands Face Choke Point,”
Globe and Mail
, June 8, 2011.

43
. 
“Energy: The Pros and Cons of Shale Gas
Drilling,”
60 Minutes
, CBS, November 14, 2010.

44
. “Glenn Beck—Bernanke Confused, a Coming Caliphate and Rick Santorum,”
Glenn Beck
, June 23, 2011; Suzanne Goldenberg, “Fracking Hell: What It’s Really Like to Live Next to a Shale Gas Well,”
Guardian
, December 13, 2013; Russell Gold and Tom McGinty, “Energy Boom Puts Wells in America’s Backyards,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 25, 2013.

45
. Kim
Cornelissen, “Shale Gas and Quebecers: The Broken Bridge Towards Renewable Sources of Energy,” in Temper et al., “Towards a Post-Oil Civilization,” p. 100; Emily Gosden, “Half of Britain to Be Offered for Shale Gas Drilling as Fracking Areas Face 50 Trucks Passing Each Day,”
Telegraph
, December 17, 2013; Damian Carrington, “Fracking Can Take Place in ‘Desolate’ North-East England, Tory Peer Says,”
Guardian
, July 30, 2013.

46
. David Mildenberg and Jim Efstathiou Jr., “Ranchers Tell Keystone: Not Under My Backyard,”
Bloomberg Businessweek
, March 8, 2012; Goldenberg, “Fracking Hell.”

47
. Daniel Gilbert, “Exxon CEO Joins Suit Citing Fracking Concerns,”
Wall Street Journal
, February 20, 2014; “Polis Welcomes ExxonMobil CEO into ‘Exclusive’ Group of People Whose Neighborhood Has Been Fracked,”
Congressman Jared Polis, press release, February 21, 2014.

48
. Thomas Paine,
Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings
, ed. Mark Philp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 25.

49
. Nick Engelfried, “The Extraction Backlash—How Fossil Fuel Companies Are Aiding Their Own Demise,”
Waging Nonviolence
, November 22, 2013.

50
. Mark Dowie,
Losing Ground: American Environmentalism
at the Close of the Twentieth Century
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 125.

51
. “Americans, Gulf Residents and the Oil Spill,” poll, CBS News/
New York Times
, June 21, 2010; Bruce Alpert, “Obama Administration ‘Cannot Support’ Bill Increasing Offshore Revenue Sharing,”
Times-Picayune
, July 23, 2013; Annie Snider and Nick Juliano, “Will Landrieu’s Rise Give New Life to Revenue Sharing?” E&E Daily,
February 25, 2014; “The Damage for Gulf Coast Residents: Economic, Environmental, Emotional,” poll, ABC News/
Washington Post
, July 14, 2010.

52
. “Current High Volume Horizontal Hydraulic Fracturing Drilling Bans and Moratoria in NY State,” FracTracker.org,
http://www.fractracker.org
.

53
. “Minisink Compressor Project: Environmental Assessment,” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, March 2012;
Mary Esch, “NY Town of 9/11 Workers Wages Gas Pipeline Fight,” Associated Press, February 14, 2013; “Blow-Down Events at Minisink Compressor Frighten Un-Notified Residents,” Stop the Minisink Compressor Station and Minisink Residents for Environmental Preservation and Safety, March 11, 2013,
http://www.stopmcs.org
.

54
. Maxime Combes, “Let’s Frackdown the Fracking Companies,” in Temper et al.,
“Towards a Post-Oil Civilization,” p. 91, 97.

55
. Vince Devlin, “Proposed Big Rigs 9 Feet Longer than Howard Hughes’ Spruce Goose,”
Missoulian
, November 13, 2010; “747-8: Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning,” Boeing, December 2012, p. 7; “Vertical Clearance,” Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov
.

56
. Personal interview with Marty
Cobenais, October 17, 2010.

57
. Betsy Z. Russell, “Judge Halts Megaloads on Highway 12 in Idaho,”
Spokesman-Review
(Spokane), September 13, 2013; personal interview with Alexis Bonogofsky, October 21, 2010.

58
. Marc Dadigan, “Umatilla Tribe Battles Mega-Loads Headed for Alberta Oil Sands,”
Indian Country Today Media Network
, December 11, 2013.

59
. Lesley Fleischman et al. “Ripe for Retirement:
An Economic Analysis of the U.S. Coal Fleet,”
The Electricity Journal
26 (2013): 51–63; Michael Klare, “Let Them Eat Carbon: Like Big Tobacco, Big Energy Targets the Developing World for Future Profits,” TomDispatch, May 27, 2014.

60
. KC Golden, “Live on Stage in the Great Northwest: King Coal’s Tragic Puppet Show, Part 1,” Getting a GRIP on Climate Solutions, March 4, 2013.