This Changes Everything (91 page)

61
. Michelle Kinman
and Antonia Juhasz, ed., “The True Cost of Chevron: An Alternative Annual Report,” True Cost of Chevron network, May 2011, pp. 13–14; “Contra Costa County Asthma Profile,” California Breathing,
http://www.californiabreathing.org
; Jeremy Miller, “The Bay Area Chevron Explosion Shows Gaps in Refinery Safety,” High Country News, Septem
ber 3, 2012; Robert Rogers, “Chevron Refinery Fire One Year Later:
Fallout, Impact Show No Sign of Warning,”
Contra Costa Times
, August 10, 2013.

62
. David R. Baker, “Judge Deals Setback to Chevron Refinery Plan,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, June 9, 2009; Katherine Tam, “Court Rules Richmond Refinery Plan Is Inadequate,”
Contra Costa Times
, April 26, 2010; “Chevron Refinery Expansion at Richmond, CA Halted,” EarthJustice, press release, July 2, 2009.

63
. Personal
interview with Melina Laboucan-Massimo, July 5, 2013.

64
. Hannibal Rhoades, “ ‘We Draw the Line’: Coal-Impacted Lummi Nation and Northern Cheyenne Unite in Solidarity,”
IC Magazine
, October 9, 2013.

65
. “Jonathan Chait, “The Keystone Fight Is a Huge Environmentalist Mistake,”
New York Magazine
, October 30, 2013; Joe Nocera, “How Not to Fix Climate Change,”
New York Times
, February 18, 2013;
Joe Nocera, “A Scientist’s Misguided Crusade,”
New York Times
, March 4, 2013.

66
. Jad Mouawad, “U.S. Orders Tests on Rail Shipments,”
New York Times
, February 25, 2014; Jad Mouawad, “Trailing Canada, U.S. Starts a Push for Safer Oil Shipping,”
New York Times
, April 24, 2014; Curtis Tate, “Regulators Take Voluntary Route on Tank Car Rules,” McClatchy Newspapers, May 7, 2014.

67
. There is evidence
suggesting that dilbit can be more corrosive than other crudes under certain conditions, particularly at high temperatures, but the matter has been contested in recent years. There is also evidence that dilbit may be more likely to cause other kinds of pipeline failure, such as cracking. Anthony Swift, Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, and Elizabeth Shope, “Tar Sands Pipelines Safety Risks,” Natural Resources
Defense Council, 2011, p. 3.

68
. Vivian Luk, “Diluted Bitumen Sinks When Mixed with Sediments, Federal Report Says,”
Globe and Mail
, January 14, 2014; “Properties, Composition and Marine Spill Behaviour, Fate and Transport of Two Diluted Bitumen Products from the Canadian Oil Sands,” Federal Government Technical Report, Government of Canada, November 30, 2013.

69
. FOOTNOTE: Bob Weber, “Syncrude
Guilty in Death of 1,600 Ducks in Toxic Tailings Pond,” The Canadian Press, June 25, 2010; Syncrude, Suncor Cleared After Duck Death Investigation,” CBC News, October 4, 2012; Colleen Cassady St. Clair, Thomas Habib, and Bryon Shore, “Spatial and Temporal Correlates of Mass Bird Mortality in Oil Sands Tailings Ponds,” report prepared from Alberta Environment, November 10, 2011, pp. 17–18.

70
. Although there is year-to-year fluctuation based on the size of reserves, the value of the oil sands has risen in line with the industry’s expansion, from C$19 billion in 1990 to C$460 billion in 2010: “Energy,”
Canada Year Book 2012
, Statistics Canada,
http://www.statcan.gc.ca
. Bill Donahue was not an author of the study he commented on: “Oilsands Study Confirms Tailings Found in Groundwater,
River,” CBC News, February 20, 2014; Richard A. Frank et al., “Profiling Oil Sands Mixtures from Industrial Developments and Natural Groundwaters for Source Identification,”
Environmental Science & Technology
48 (2014): 2660–70. DIFFERENT CASE: Mike De Souza, “Scientists Discouraged from Commenting on Oilsands Contaminant Study,” Postmedia News, November 4, 2012.

71
. Florence Loyle, “Doctor Cleared
over Suggested Link Between Cancer, Oilsands,”
Edmonton Journal
, November 7, 2009; Vincent McDermott, “Fort Chipewyan Cancer Study Set to Begin,”
Fort McMurray Today
, February 20, 2013; Michael Toledano, “We Interviewed Dr. John O’Connor, One of the First Tar Sands Whistleblowers,”
Vice
, March 3, 2014.

72
. Peter Moskowitz, “Report Finds Doctors Reluctant to Link Oil Sands with Health Issues,”
Al Jazeera America, January 20, 2014; Mike De Souza, “Scientist Speaks Out After Finding ‘Record’ Ozone Hole over Canadian Arctic,” Postmedia News, October 21, 2011.

73
. Mike De Souza, “Federal Budget Cuts Undermine Environment Canada’s Mandate to Enforce Clean Air Regulations: Emails,” Postmedia News, March 17, 2013; “Silence of the Labs,”
The Fifth Estate,
CBC News, January 10, 2014.

74
. FOOTNOTE:
Abha Parajulee and Frank Wania, “Evaluating Officially Reported Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region with a Multimedia Fate Model,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
111 (2014): 3348; “Oil Sands Pollution Two to Three Times Higher than Thought,” Agence France-Presse, February 3, 2014.

75
. 
“Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Under the Safe Drinking
Water Act,” Environmental Protection Agency,
http://water.epa.gov
; Mary Tiemann and Adam Vann, “Hydraulic Fracturing and Safe Drinking Water Act Regulatory Issues,” Congressional Research Service, Report R41760, January 10, 2013; Lisa Song, “Secrecy Loophole Could Still Weaken BLM’s Tougher Fracking Regs,” InsideClimate News, February 15, 2012.

76
. Robert B. Jackson et al., “Increased Stray Gas Abundance in a Subset of Drinking Water Wells Near Marcellus Shale Gas Extraction,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
110 (2013): 11250-11255; Mark Drajem, “Duke Fracking Tests Reveal Dangers Driller’s Data Missed,” Bloomberg, January 9, 2014.

77
. Cliff Frohlich, “Two-Year Survey Comparing Earthquake Activity and Injection Well Locations
in the Barnett Shale, Texas,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
109 (2012): 13934–13938.

78
. 
Ibid.
; Won-Young Kim, “Induced Seismicity Associated with Fluid Injection into a Deep Well in Youngstown, Ohio,”
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
118 (2013): 3506–3518; Charles Q. Choi, “Fracking Practice to Blame for Ohio Earthquakes,”
LiveScience
, September 4, 2013; Nicholas
J. van der Elst et al., “Enhanced Remote Earthquake Triggering at Fluid-Injection Sites in the Midwestern United States,”
Science
341 (2013): 164–167; Sharon Begley, “Distant Seismic Activity Can Trigger Quakes at ‘Fracking’ Sites,” Reuters, July 11, 2013.

79
. “Report Regarding the Causes of the April 20, 2010 Macondo Well Blowout,” U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management,
Regulation and Enforcement, September 14, 2011, p. 191; “Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling,” National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, January 2011, p. 125; Joel Achenbach, “BP’s Cost Cuts Contributed to Oil Spill Disaster, Federal Probe Finds,”
Washington Post
, September 14, 2011.

80
. Elizabeth McGowan and Lisa Song,
“The Dilbit Disaster: Inside The Biggest Oil Spill You’ve Never Heard Of, Part 1,” InsideClimate News, June 26, 2012.

81
. 
Ibid.
; Charles Rusnell, “Enbridge Staff Ignored Warnings in Kalamazoo River Spill,” CBC News
,
June 22, 2012; “Oil Cleanup Continues on Kalamazoo River,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 2013.

82
. In explaining his previous denials, Daniel appears to have been trying
to argue that because the diluted bitumen traveling in Enbridge’s pipeline had been extracted with newer “in situ” steam injection technology, rather than mined, it would not qualify as tar sands oil: Todd Heywood, “Enbridge CEO Downplays Long-Term Effects of Spill,”
Michigan Messenger
, August 12, 2010. MORE THAN A WEEK: McGowan and Song, “The Dilbit Disaster”; DANIEL: Kari Lyderson, “Michigan
Oil Spill Increases Concern over Tar Sands Pipelines,”
OnEarth
, August 6, 2010; Kari Lyderson, “Michigan Oil Spill: The Tar Sands Name Game (and Why It Matters),”
OnEarth
, August 12, 2010.

83
. Cobenais interview, October 17, 2010.

84
. Dan Joling, “Shell Oil-Drilling Ship Runs Aground on Alaska’s Sitkalidak Island,” Associated Press, January 1, 2013; Rachel D’Oro, “Nobel Discoverer, Shell Oil
Drilling Vessel, Shows No Signs of Damage, Coast Guard Claims,” Associated Press, July 15, 2012; John Ryan, “Sea Trial Leaves Shell’s Arctic Oil-Spill Gear ‘Crushed Like a Beer Can,’ ” KUOW.org, November 30, 2012.

85
. Mike Soraghan, “Oil Spills: U.S. Well Sites in 2012 Discharged More Than Valdez,”
EnergyWire
, Monday, July 8, 2013; Dan Frosch and Janet Roberts, “Pipeline Spills Put Safeguards
Under Scrutiny,”
New York Times
, September 9, 2011.

86
. Jim Paulin and Carey Restino, “Shell Rig Grounds off Kodiak,”
Bristol Bay Times
, January 4, 2013.

87
. “SINGLE ENGINEER”: Bruce Campbell, “Lac-Mégantic: Time for an Independent Inquiry,”
Toronto Star
, February 27, 2014; UNTIL THE 1980s: personal interview with Ron Kaminkow, general secretary, Railroad Workers United, January 29, 2014; “CUTTING”:
Julian Sher, “Lac Megantic: Railway’s History of Cost-Cutting,”
Toronto Star
, July 11, 2013; “OFTEN DON’T TEST”: Grant Robertson, “Fiery North Dakota Train Derailment Fuels Oil-Shipping Fears,”
Globe and Mail
, December 30, 2013; NORTH DAKOTA: Daniella Silva, “Mile-Long Train Car
rying Crude Oil Derails, Explodes in North Dakota,” NBC News, December 30, 2013; NEW BRUNSWICK: Solarina Ho, “Train Carrying
Oil Derails, Catches Fire in New Brunswick, Canada,”
Reuters
, January 8, 2014; VIRGINIA: Selam Gebrekidan, “CSX Train Carrying Oil Derails in Virginia in Fiery Blast,” Reuters, April 30, 2014.

88
. Charlie Savage, “Sex, Drug Use and Graft Cited in Interior Department,”
New York Times
, September 10, 2008.

89
. “Americans Less Likely to Say 18 of 19 Industries Are Honest and Trustworthy This Year,”
Harris Interactive, December 12, 2013; Jeffrey Jones, “U.S. Images of Banking, Real Estate Making Comeback,” Gallup, August 23, 2013; André Turcotte, Michal C. Moore, and Jennifer Winter, “Energy Literacy in Canada,” School of Public Policy SPP Research Papers, Vol. 5, No. 31, October 2012; “How Companies Influence Our Society: Citizens’ View,” TNS Political and Social, European Commission, Flash
Eurobarometer 363, April 2013, Q3, p. 25.

90
. Sandra Steingraber, “It’s Alive! In Defense of Underground Organisms,”
Orion Magazine
, January/ February 2012, p. 15.

91
. Wendell E. Berry, “It All Turns on Affection,” Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities, National Endowment for the Humantities, 2012,
http://www.neh.gov
.

CHAPTER 10: LOVE WILL SAVE THIS PLACE

1
. Rachel Carson, “The Real World Around
Us,” speech to Theta Sigma Phi, Columbus, Ohio, 1954, in
Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson
, ed. Linda Lear (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 163.

2
. Paige Lavender and Corbin Hiar, “Blair Mountain: Protesters March to Save Historic Battlefield,” Huffington Post, June 10, 2011.

3
. The largest class of tanker that Northern Gateway plans to use in BC waters has a maximum capacity
of 2.2 million barrels of oil, about 74 percent more than the 1,264,155 barrels carried by the
Exxon Valdez
: “Section 3.9: Ship Specifications,” TERMPOL Surveys and Studies, Northern Gateway Partnership Inc., Enbridge Northern Gateway Project, January 20, 2010, pp. 2–7; “Oil Spill Facts: Questions and Answers,” Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council,
http://www.evostc.state.ak.us
.

4
. Jess Housty,
“Transformations,” Coast, April 1, 2013.

5
. “Protesters Blamed for Cancelled Pipeline Hearing,” CTV News Vancouver, April 2, 2012.

6
. Personal email communication with Tyler McCreary, PhD candidate, York University, January 30, 2014.

7
. Sheri Young, letter to the Heiltsuk Tribal Council, Heiltsuk Hereditary Chiefs and Heiltsuk Economic Development Corporation on behalf of the Enbridge Northern
Gateway Project Joint Review Panel, April 2, 2012; Housty, “Transformations”; Alexis Stoymenoff, “Enbridge Northern Gateway Protest in Bella Bella Was ‘Absolutely Peaceful,’ ”
Vancouver Observer
, April 2, 2012.

8
. Housty, “Transformations”; Kai Nagata, “Enbridge Misses Heiltsuk Pipeline Hearings,”
The Tyee
, July 27, 2012; FOOTNOTE:
Ibid.

9
. Jess Housty, “At the JRP Final Hearings,” Coast, June
20, 2013.

10
. Personal interview with Melachrini Liakou, May 31, 2013.

11
. Personal interview with Alexis Bonogofsky, March 27, 2013.

12
. Andrew Nikiforuk,
Tar Sands: Dirty Oil and the Future of a Continent
(Vancouver: Greystone, 2010), 44.

13
. Personal interview with Jeff King, June 23, 2011.

14
. Luiza Ilie, “Romanian Farmers Choose Subsistence over Shale Gas,” Reuters, October 27, 2013.

15
. “Oil Sands Export Ban: BC First Nations Unite to Declare Province-Wide Opposition to Crude Oil Pipeline and Tanker Expansion,” Yinka Dene Alliance, press release, December 1, 2011; “First Nations Gain Powerful New Allies in Fight Against Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline, Tankers,” Yinka Dene Alliance, press release, December 5, 2013; author’s original reporting, December 1, 2011.

16
. 
“Read
the Declaration,” Save the Fraser Declaration, Gathering of Nations, savethefraser.ca.