Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (59 page)

Happiness, 25, 30, 165; divorce and, 192; as legacy for next generation, 189; long wait for, 139; love and, 50, 52

Harlow, Harry, 63–64

Hartmann, Heinz, 63

Harvard Block Assembly Test, 73

Harvard College, 1–2, 66, 103; cost of attending, 69; Department of Hygiene, 58, 80, 85; dropout from, 183; Fatigue Laboratory, 57–58, 62; Health Services, 97, 315; Phillips Brooks House, 166

Harvard
Longitudinal Study, 1

Harvard Medical School, 103

Harvard publications:
The Advocate
, 66, 172;
Crimson
, 56, 66;
Lampoon
, 66, 103

Harvard Study of Adult Development, 1, 5, 11, 141, 369; on alcohol abuse, 12; comparison with other studies, 379; Eriksonian Intimacy defined by, 191; records of, 105; threatened with extinction, 351.
See also
Grant Study

Hastings, Donald, 62, 81

Hastorf, Albert, 381

Health, 3, 9, 168, 212; biomedical, 6; causation and, 25; decline of physical health, 230–231, 242–246; interview questions about, 375–376, 378; longevity and, 224; mental health, 32, 42, 51, 242–244; objective, 31; “optimum,” 4; physical, 32, 224, 242–244; psychosocial, 6; religion and, 339–346; sexual activity and, 218–219; subjective, 31, 41

Health reading fluency, 332

Heath, Clark, 15, 17, 53, 54, 58, 84; administration of study and, 81; data analysis and, 75–79; funding for Study and, 85; on health, 234; interviews conducted by, 71; on maturation, 181, 183; military records reviewed by, 101; as pioneer of Grant Study, 59; on successful Study men, 166

Heraclitus, 1, 7

Heredity, environment versus, 127–133

Heroin addiction, 7, 91, 262

Hindu cultures, 147

Hippies, 120, 336

Hoarding, 365–366

Hogarth, William, 299

Holme, A., 224, 228

Holmes, Oliver, 113–117, 123, 126, 128, 135, 180, 208

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 225

Homosexualtiy: closeted, 171; dying taboo on, 186; fear of, 281, 282; Intimacy and, 152; “latent homosexuality,” 73; secrecy about, 95

Hooton, Earnest, 43, 62, 76–77, 82, 140

Hoover, Bert, 336–337

Hope, 110, 137, 163, 167–168, 178, 368; in face of death, 157; failed maturation and, 174, 176; lack of, 119; orality and, 120; Pollyanna stereotypes, 162; remarriage and, 207–208; spirituality and, 147; in youth, 108

Hormones, 116, 216

Horner, Matina, 105

Hot cognition, 265

House, James, 258

Howland, Lewellen, 196, 197, 221

Human Development
(Kail and Cavanaugh), 360

Humor, 23, 39, 116, 211, 268

Humphrey, Hubert, 336

Hypochondriasis, 39, 44, 46, 47, 50, 267

Id, in psychoanalytic theory, 265

Identity, 14, 150–151, 160, 175

Illnesses,
32, 46, 47, 51, 55, 74

Immature defenses, 267–268, 272–273, 287–288

Income levels, 31, 69–70; alcoholism and, 331; Decathlon score and, 41, 42; never-married men, 179; successful aging and, 109

Individuation, 151, 361

Inner City cohort (Glueck Study), 5, 10, 83, 138, 329, 379–381; alcoholism and, 293, 295–298, 306–307, 309–310, 312, 314–315; cholesterol levels, 256; discomfort with anger, 126; education level, 330–331; family background, 176; included in major Study publications, 94; longevity of, 249, 252; maturity of defenses, 274, 289; never-married men, 179; predictors of high income, 109–110; Problem Drinking Scale (PDS), 314, 326; religion and, 345

Integrity, life stage of, 25, 149, 156–158, 160; coming to terms with reality, 168; dignity despite ravages of mortality, 188; Integrity vs. Despair, 156

Intellectualization, 268, 274, 275, 276

Intermediate defenses, 268

Interviews, 74, 91–94, 241; about childhood environment, 109–110; eye contact during, 119, 176, 319, 324; length of, 116; mosaic of, 95; reluctance to be interviewed, 93; schedules, 374–378

Intimacy, as adult task, 2, 18, 84, 151–152; defined, 191; failure at, 162, 173, 179, 324; Isolation as shadow of, 151, 365; mastery of, 47; recovery of lost loves, 136

Introspective trait, 219, 338

IQ (intelligence quotient), 41, 67–68, 88, 178; in college, 251; mental health and, 289; relationship with mother and, 134; social class and, 329, 331; Stanford, 176; of Terman women, 381, 382, 383; Wechsler-Bellevue, 176, 177, 379

Irish ethnicity, 290, 303, 307, 314, 380

Isolation, social, 32, 120

Isolation of affect, 268, 274

Italian ethnicity, 290, 307, 380

James, William, 21, 144, 339, 354

Jellinek, E. M., 299, 303

Jesus, 48, 49, 50

Jews, 69

Johnson, Lyndon, 17, 337

Johnson, Samuel, 9, 207–208

Joy, 32, 126, 224, 366, 368; absence of, 171; developmental accomplishments and, 179; love and, 370; marriage and, 207; mature defenses and, 285; spirituality and, 147; sublimation and, 275

Kagan, Jerome, 106

Kahn, Robert L., 227

Kail, Robert V., 360

Kandel, Eric, 9

Keeper of the Meaning.
See
Guardianship, developmental stage of

Kegan, Robert, 106

Kipling, Rudyard, 64

Kishline,
Audrey, 310

Knight, Robert, 303

Kretschmer, Ernst, 65, 72

Lantis, Margaret, 74, 83–84, 85

Lazare Personality Inventory, 74, 125

Levinson, Daniel, 4, 9

Liberals, 90, 232, 337–338

Life after Ninety
(Bury and Holme), 224

“Life chart,” 56

Life Satisfaction Chart, 231

Lifetime studies, 9, 367

Lincoln, Abraham, 156

Lindbergh, Charles, 159

Lives in Progress
(White), 104

Loevinger, Jane, 18, 106, 170, 187

Loman, Bill, a.k.a. Francis Lowell, 142, 321–327

Loneliness, 53, 119

Longevity, ancestral or familial, 36, 37, 128, 175, 251–252; of maternal grandfathers, 346–350; physical health decline and, 243, 244; as predictor of survival into advanced age, 250

Longevity Project, The
(Friedman and Mason), 249

Longitudinal studies, 26, 27, 44, 85, 369; contradiction and paradox in, 328; of coping mechanisms, 270; halo effects and, 194; heredity versus environmentalism in, 127; psychosomatic theories and, 254; recovery of lost loves and, 136; structure and purpose of, 3–7; value of, 351

Lothian Birth Cohort, 224

Love, 28, 36, 48, 147, 185; as act of creation, 279; bleak childhood and, 142; capacity for, 116, 126; as Eros, 64; failure of maturation and, 184; happiness and, 50, 52; identifying, 29; inability to, 142; mental health and, 190, 259; power of, 44; received in childhood, 37; recovery of lost loves, 135–138; restorative power of, 49; success and, 52

Lovelace, Sam, 117–123, 126, 129, 139, 142, 172, 186, 215, 221

Loveless, the, 112–113, 124, 125, 141, 179

Luborsky, Lester, 145

Lykken, David, 131

MacArthur Foundation study, 227

Mailer, Norman, 90, 234

Mandela, Nelson, 163, 167, 176

Manic depression, 86, 169

Marmot, Sir Michael, 331

Marriage, 20, 47, 68, 83, 190–193; Adult Adjustment scales and, 387, 388, 389; to alcoholic women, 119, 121, 165, 198; case studies, 201–216; correlates of good and bad outcomes, 217; Decathlon score and, 31, 41; dependence in, 215–216, 223; developmental failure and, 175–176; friendship within, 17–18; golden anniversaries, 209; happy and lasting, 2, 32, 164–165, 167, 222; Intimacy and, 152; length of, 39; ranked happiness of, 33; rating of, 193–196; relationship with father and, 134; remarriage,
103, 121, 196–197; sex and, 216, 218–219, 282; “so-so,” 192, 209, 211; thirty-year study of, 196–201; unhappy, 121, 122, 192

Martin, Leslie R., 249, 332

Massachusetts General Hospital, 98

Masturbation, 15, 16, 65, 216, 277

Maturation, 144–148; Erikson’s model, 148–160; failure to grow, 171–176; length of time to accomplish, 178–180; thwarted development, 180–186

Mature defenses, 268–269, 285–288, 355

McAdams, Dan, 84, 272

McArthur, Charles, 53, 54, 58, 84, 86–87; author’s interaction with, 90, 91; as director of Grant Study, 85; prospective studies of adults in midlife, 149; tests administered by, 74

McArthur twin studies, 252

McCarthy, Eugene, 335–336

McCarthy, Joseph, 120, 335

McCrae, Robert, 130, 354, 355

Mead, Margaret, 223

Meat, consumption of, 240–241

Medical examinations, 6

Meditation, 20, 23, 312–313

Memory, 9, 14, 19, 21–22

Memory loss, 238

Menninger, Karl, 302

Menninger Clinic, 145

Mental illness, 14, 143, 179; absence from family history, 113; aging process hastened by, 243; divorce and, 219–221; family history of, 128, 129; of father, 164; psychosomatic illness and, 254

Merchant of Venice, The
(Shakespeare), 156

Mesomorphy (muscularity), 15, 36, 37, 41, 65, 71–72; incidence among Grant Study men, 67; sanguine temperament associated with, 72

Meyer, Adolf, 56, 57, 103, 264

Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, 295

Midlife crisis, 4

Military, U.S., 61–62, 164; Air Force, 58; Army Alpha Verbal and Alpha Numerical tests, 72–73; Army General Classification Test, 62; identification of potential officers, 79–80

Military-industrial complex, 17

Miller, Art, 99–102, 361

Milofsky, Eva, 74, 94

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 253

Moderation Management, 310

Mondale, Walter, 337

Monks, John, 74, 79, 82, 99, 101, 333

Mormons, 340, 343

Mother, relations with, 109–110, 118, 140–141; adult living with mother, 172, 173, 324; alcoholic mothers, 70; assessment of childhood scales, 385; babies’ attachment to mothers, 64; in childhood, 111–112; defensive styles and, 269–270; dependency on mother, 280–281; fathering versus, 133–135; income levels and, 42; maturity of defenses and,
289;
miserable, 18–19; mothers’ occupations, 69; thwarted development and, 181

Mourning, psychodynamic work of, 135–136

Myelin, 147

Narcissism, 24, 50, 146, 235

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 90, 105, 106, 263

National Institute on Aging (NIA), 98, 107

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 96, 380

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 12, 130

Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited, The
(Vaillant), 5, 97

Nature and nurture, 2, 27–29, 35, 42, 55

Nazism, 82

NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness), 130, 131, 333, 334, 349, 354–355, 367

Neugarten, Bernice, 106

Neuroanatomists, 265

Neuropsychology, 23

Neuroticism, 130, 131–132, 333, 334, 354, 355

New England Journal of Medicine
, 97, 329

Newman, Adam, 14–25, 35, 57, 124, 147, 170, 208, 215–216, 367

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 157

Nixon, Richard, 336

Not significant (NS) correlations, 34

Nurses Study (Harvard School of Public Health), 6

Nursing homes, 226, 227, 231, 265, 285

Oakland Growth Study, 5–6, 357

Obesity, 132, 244, 245, 248, 312

Obsessions, 268

O’Neill, Eugene, 102

O’Neill, James, 315–321

Openness, 130.
See also
NEO

Optimism, 162, 164, 207

Orality, 120–121, 301, 304

Outcome variables, 30

Pacifism, 114

Paine, Alfred, 70, 221, 223, 229–232

Parents: alcoholism in, 141, 302–303; death of, 140, 256; home visits with, 72; longevity of, 36, 239; mental health of, 127

Passive aggression, 267, 282

Pathology, 1–2

Penn, Peter, 142, 171–176, 179, 181, 196, 203, 214, 276, 362, 363

Perkins, Maxwell, 154–155

Perls, Thomas, 250

Perry, John C., 267

Perseverance, 332

Personality disorders, 86, 333, 349; alcoholism and, 303, 304, 327; social class and, 357

Personality profiling, 77–78

Personality traits, Big Five.
See
NEO

Pessimism, 120, 126, 135, 142, 168

Pets, 118, 181

Philosophy
of life, 19

Phobias, 268, 384

Physical fitness, 57, 71, 73

Physicians, 97, 114

Physiognomy, 28

Physiology, 11, 56, 65

Piaget, Jean, 8, 150, 353

Planfulness, 332

Play, 118, 119, 236, 271

Pornography, 186

Positive psychology, 58

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 82, 101, 332–335

Predictor variables, 30

Prescription drug abuse, 97

Problem Drinking Scale (PDS), 295, 314, 326

Projection, 39, 267, 287

Prospective studies, 3, 4, 34, 39, 83, 134

Protestants, 69

Pseudonyms, 13, 14

Psychiatrists, 15–16, 21, 56, 124, 286; alcoholism study and, 304–305; ancestral longevity studied by, 347; child psychiatrists, 45, 64, 317; fading influence of psychoanalysis, 255; interviews conducted by, 72, 93; psychiatric visits, 386, 389; selection of men for Grant Study and, 234; training of, 123

Psychoanalysis, 49, 64, 83, 253, 360; clinical teachers and, 103; defense mechanisms and, 291; fading influence of, 255; metaphysics of, 263, 352; NIMH research agenda and, 263

Psychobiology, 12

Psychodynamics, 105

Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness
(Terman), 199

Psychology, 12, 20; from biology to psychology, 63–65; cognitive, 265; developmental, 144; positive psychology, 58; social, 11, 17, 40

Psychopathology, 51, 52, 127, 132, 143, 255; absence of love and, 135; adaptation and, 262; developmental failure model of, 141–142

Psychopharmaceuticals, 31

Psychosomatics, 252–255

Psychotherapy, 31, 46, 120, 136, 199

Psychotherapy Research Project, 145

Psychotic defenses, 267

Quakers, 113, 114

Questionnaires, 87, 193, 229, 241; annual, 74, 83; biennial, 74, 75; face-to-face meetings contrasted with, 91; reunion, 88, 89; unreturned, 175, 196

Race and racial integration, 13, 15, 65, 71, 120