Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations (136 page)

III

98
. Catherine’s Medal, 1793; R. Bideleux and I. Jeffries,
A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
(London, 1998), p. 164. According to Sparta’s founding myth, the Sons of Heracles recovered their ancestral lands which the Mycenaeans had taken from them, and then turned the Mycenaeans into helots.
99
. Davies,
God’s Playground
, vol. 1, p. 542.
100
. Adam Zamoyski,
1812
:
Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow
(London, 2004), pp. 161–3.
101
. N. Riazanovsky,
A History of Russia
(New York, 1963).
102
. G. Dynner,
Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society
(New York, 2006).
103
. Timothy Snyder,
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569
–
1999
(New Haven, 2003), pp. 53–6.
104
. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.),
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918
–
40
(New York, 1999).
105
.
Byelorussia’s Independence Day, March 25, 1918: Documents, Facts, Proclamations, Statements and Comments
(New York, 1958).
106
. See Norman Davies, ‘The Genesis of the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20’,
European History Quarterly
, 5/1 (1975), pp. 47–67.
107
. See Norman Davies,
White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920
(London, 1972).
108
.
http://www.massviolence.org/kurapaty-1937-1941-nkvd-mass-killings
(2010).
109
. Timothy Snyder,
Bloodlands
(New Haven, 2010).
110
. D. J. Smith,
The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
(London, 2002).
111
. Patricia Kennedy Grimsted,
The Lithuanian Metryka in Moscow and Warsaw: Reconstructing the Archives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
(Cambridge, Mass., 1984).
112
. Zamoyski,
The Last King of Poland.
113
. Roman Aftanazy,
Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej,
2nd edn., 11 vols. (Wrocław, 1991–7).
114
. Ibid., vol. 3.
115
. H. A. Mason, ‘The Lithuanian Whore in
The Waste Land
’,
Cambridge Quarterly
, 18 (1989), pp. 63–72.

Chapter 6. BYZANTION

Bibliographical Note
. It is invidious to make suggestions for reading in a field that is headed by Edward Gibbon. In addition to sampling Gibbon, whose prejudices need to be recognized, my own recommendations would be, for sheer
joie de vivre
, Steven Runciman,
Byzantine Civilisation
(London, 1933), plus two recent books: Judith Herrin,
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire
(London, 2007), and Averil Cameron,
The Byzantines
(Oxford, 2006). Exciting introductions are also provided by Cyril Mango,
Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome
(London, 1988), and John Julius Norwich,
A Short History of Byzantium
(London, 1998)

I

1
.
www.istanbulcityguide.com
(2008);
Time Out Istanbul
(London, 2004).
2
. Orhan Pamuk,
The Museum of Innocence
(London, 2009), p. 33.
3
. Pamuk,
Istanbul: Memories and the City
, quoted by Christopher Bellaigue, ‘A Walker in the City’,
New York Times
, 5 June 2005.
4
. Erdogˇan, 17 January 2010, Anadolu Agency,
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/IGI-216976898.html
(2010).
5
. Egemen Bagˇis¸, 23 February 2010,
http://abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=4567641=2
(2010).

II

6
. Norman Davies, ‘Western Civilisation versus European History’, in his
Europe East and West
(London, 2006), pp. 46–60.
7
. Voltaire, from
Microm
é
gas,
Avec
une histoire des croisades
(1752).
8
. Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu,
Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence
(1734), ch. 21.
9
. Georg Hegel,
The Philosophy of History
(New York, 2007), p. 338.
10
. Edward Gibbon,
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, Everyman edn., 6 vols. (London, 1911), ch. 48.
11
. Runciman,
Byzantine Civilisation.
12
. George Finlay,
Greece under the Romans
(Edinburgh, 1844),
History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires
(Edinburgh, 1853),
The Hellenic Kingdom and the Greek Nation
(London, 1836).
13
. J. B. Bury,
A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great
(London, 1900),
The Hellenistic Age
(Cambridge, 1923),
A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to Marcus Aurelius
(London, 1893),
A History of the Later Roman Empire, 395
–
800
(London, 1889),
A History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 802
–
867
(London, 1912).
14
. Runciman,
Byzantine Civilisation.
15
. Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Owl, the Spider and the Historian’,
History Today
(May 2001); for collected obituaries, see
http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/madison/byzantium/notes/runcimanobit.html
.
16
. See Michael Angold, ‘The Road to 1204’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 25/3 (1999), pp. 257–78.
17
. Dimitri Obolensky,
The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453
(London, 1971);
The Byzantine Inheritance of Eastern Europe
(London, 1982);
Byzantium and the Slavs
(Crestwood, 1994);
Russia’s Byzantine Inheritance
(Oxford, 1950).
18
. See the journal
Byzantine and Greek Studies
(1975–).
19
. Herrin,
Byzantium
, p. xiii.
20
. Cameron,
The Byzantines
, p. viii; Averil Cameron,
The Uses and Abuses of Byzantium: An Essay
(London, 1992).
21
. Cameron,
The Byzantines
, p. 1.
22
. Ibid.
23
. Ibid., p. 8.
24
. J. Pearsall (ed.),
Oxford English Reference Dictionary
(Oxford, 1996); see Cameron,
The Byzantines,
p. 3.
25
. Ibid.
26
. R. Cormack and M. Vassilaki,
Byzantium 330
–
1450
, Royal Academy of Arts (London, 2008).
27
.
http://static.royalacademy.org.uk/files/ra-annual-report-2009-653.pdf
(2011).
28
. G. W. Bowersock, ‘Brilliant, Beautiful and Byzantine’,
New York Review of Books
(25 Sept. 2008).
29
. Unlocated. See Priscilla Roosevelt,
Apostle of Russian Liberalism
(Newtonville, Mass., 1986).
30
. Norman Davies, personal recollection from April 1962.
31
. Cameron,
The Byzantines
, p. 4.
32
. Norman Davies,
Europe: A History
(Oxford, 1996), pp. 448–50, with extracts from Gibbon,
Decline and Fall
, ch. 68.

III

33
. William Butler Yeats, ‘Byzantium’ (1930).

CHAPTER 7. BORUSSIA

Bibliographical Note
. Any survey of Prussian history is contingent on what is understood by the term ‘Prussia’. The principal focus among Germans and Germanists has always been on the possessions of the Hohenzollern dynasty and on their kingdom founded in 1701. The most up-to-date and rightly praised work on this hugely documented subject is Christopher Clark,
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600
–
1947
(London, 2006). Readers seeking information in English about pre-Hohenzollern Prussia, or non-German Prussia, face a more difficult task. The best introduction in English would be Karin Friedrich,
The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569
–
1772
(Cambridge, 2000).

I

1
.
http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/2780.html
(2008).
2
. Bert Hoppe, ‘Traces of a Virtual History in a Real City’, National Centre for Contemporary Art,
http://www.art-guide.ncca-kaliningrad.ru
(2010).
3
. A. Torello, ‘Kaliningrad, Adrift in Europe’,
SAIS Review
, 25/1 (2005), pp. 139–41.
4
. Special Economic Zone,
www.kaliningrad-rda.org/en/kgd/sez.php
(2008).
5
. Camiel Eurlings (ed.),
Report: Kaliningrad Region
, Working Group of the EU-Russia Parliamentary Co-operation Committee, 9–11 October 2005. European Parliament, PE.358.347.
6
. Grant Heard, ‘The Baltic Kaliningrad’,
http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/kaliningrad.html
(2008). Massive protests were staged in Kaliningrad in February 2010 against continuing economic hardships.
7
. Angus Roxburgh, ‘Why the Russian Cesspit is No Hong Kong’,
Sunday Herald
(18 Feb. 2001),
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20010218/ai_n13957352
(2008).
8
. Beyond Transition, online newsletter, ‘Kaliningrad: Uncertain Future of Russia’s Baltic Enclave’,
www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/…pgs41-42.htm
(2008).
9
. M. Sobczyk, ‘Illicit Cigarettes Flood into EU from the East’, Emerging Europe,
Wall Street Journal
(22 Feb. 2011).
10
. Roskosmos,
www.federalspace.ru/main/php?lang=en
(2008).
11
.
http://en.wikipedia./wiki/georgi_boos
(2008).
12
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kaliningrad
(2008).
13
.
www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/western…russia/kaliningrad/472292
(2008).
14
. Anne Applebaum,
Between East and West: Across the Borderlands of Europe
(New York, 1994), pp. 22–3.
15
. Euler’s Seven Bridges,
http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.htm
(2008);
http://people.engr.ncsu.edu/mfms/sevenbridges/
(2008).
16
. Allen Buchler, ‘Kaliningrad Revisited’ (2004),
www.electric-review.com/archives/000010.html
(2008).
17
. Immanuel Kant State University of Russia,
http://intdep.albertina.ru/index4.html
(2008).
18
. Applebaum,
Between East and West
, p. 27.
19
. Kaliningrad region,
http://myazcomputerguy.com/everbrite/page6d.html
(2008).
20
. In Svetlogorsk: Applebaum,
Between East and West
, pp. 30–31.
21
. ‘US, Poland, Reach Deal on Anti-Missile Defense Shield’,
Huffington Post
(14 Aug. 2008),
www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/08/14/html
(2008); Luke Harding, ‘Living on the Frontline of the New Cold War’,
Guardian
(8 Nov. 2008).
22
. Buchler, ‘Kaliningrad Revisited’.
23
. Luke Harding, ‘Kremlin Shocked as Kaliningrad Stages Huge Anti-government Demonstration,
Guardian
(2 Feb. 2010).
24
.
http://www.bruecke-osteuropa.de/kaliningrad/rda-kaliningrad.ppt
(2011).
25
. See
www.lagomar.de/index.php?id=58
(2011).