Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations (144 page)

(2011).
109
.
http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart-3.htm
(2011).

III

110
. Norman Davies,
The Isles: A History
(London, 1996), pp. 697–1017.
111
. Tam Dalyell,
Devolution: The End of Britain?
(London, 1977).
112
. Vernon Bogdanor,
Devolution in the United Kingdom
(Oxford, 1999).
113
.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
114
. Timothy Garton Ash, ‘Wake up Europe’,
Guardian
(June 2010); David Marquand,
The End of Europe
(London, 2011).
115
. See Vernon Bogdanor,
The Monarchy and the Constitution
(Oxford, 1995).
116
. Jeremy Paxman,
On Royalty
(London, 2006).
117
. See
www.republic.org.uk
.
118
. An ICM poll for the BBC in 2009 found 76 per cent in favour of the monarchy continuing after the reign of Elizabeth II, with 18 per cent against and 6 per cent undecided; news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7967142.st (2011). See also
http://www.officialroyalwedding2010.org
(2011).
119
.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news-scotland-13305522
(2011).
120
. Martin Kettle, ‘Scotland will tell…’,
Guardian
(9 April 2011).
121
. See
http://www.cep.org.uk
(2011).
122
. See
http://www.englishdefenceleague.org
(2011).
123
. ‘Danny Boy’, words (1910) by F. E. Weatherly, published 1913. Davies,
The Isles
, app. 62, pp. 1010–11.
124
. Frederick Weatherly (1848–1929), composer of ‘The Holy City’, ‘Roses of Picardy’, ‘Yesteryear’, ‘Beauty’s Eyes’, etc. See ‘Danny Boy – the Mystery Solved’,
http://www.standingstones.com/dannyboy.html
(2009).

CHAPTER 15. CCCP

Bibliographical Note
. No subject has been more blighted than Soviet history by political passions and by special pleading. The best overview is that of Geoffrey Hosking,
History of the Soviet Union
(London, 1985); Bertrand Russell’s
Theory and Practice of Bolshevism
(London, 1919), written by a former sympathizer whose eyes were opened, remains a valuable antidote to the thousands of Westerners who took Soviet propaganda at face value. The authors to avoid include Sidney Webb, E. H. Carr and Jerry Hough. Even among sceptical commentators, however, a strong tendency remains to equate the Soviet Union with Russia, and readers need to make a conscious effort to supplement their general reading with an outline knowledge of the fifteen Soviet republics. The most convenient introduction to the history of Estonia is by Mati Laur,
A History of Estonia
(Tallinn, 2004).

I

1
. Statistics from
Whitaker’s Almanack 2007
(London, 2006); see also,
Country Report: Estonia
, Economist Intelligence Unit (London, 1998).
2
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/estonian_language
(2008); ibid., /estonian_vocabulary; Mare Kitsnik and Leelo Kingisepp,
Teach Yourself Estonian
(London, 2008).
3
. ‘Tallinn: An Introduction’,
www.balticsww.com/tourist/estonia/sights.htm
(2008).
4
. Neil Taylor,
Estonia: The Bradt Travel Guide
(Chalfont, 2005); Robin Gauldie,
Estonia
(Peterborough, 2006);
http:/visitestonia.com/index.php
(2008).
5
. Bertelsmann Transformation Index,
www.nationmaster.com/country/en-estonia/dem-democracy
(2010).
6
. Sergei Balsamov, ‘Profane Estonian Democracy and Blank Newspaper Pages’,
Pravda
,
www.english.pravda.ru/world/ussr/19-03-2010/112645-democracy-0
(2010).
7
. Reporters Without Borders,
www.rsf.org/only_peace_protects_freedoms-in.htm
(2010).
8
.
Easyjet
, in-flight magazine (April 2008), p. 98.
9
.
www.intelligentcommunity.org/client-uploads./icf-il-2009
(2009).
10
. Fr. R. Kreutzwald,
Kalevipoeg
, canto I, ll. 1–8, after the critical edition of 1961,
www.kalevipoeg.info/texteestoniencadres.html
(2008).
11
. ‘Death of Kaleb’,
www.sacred-texts.com/neu/hoe/hoe1-07/htm
(2008).
12
. Museum of Occupations of Estonia,
www.okupatsioon.ee/english
(2008). A similarly imaginative museum can be visited in Riga:
www.occupationmuseum.lv
.
13
. Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity, Estonia, 1940–
1945
(Tallinn, 2006).
14
. Eduard Kolga;
http://nationalalliance.org/gulag/5gulag.htm
(2007).
15
. K. Brueggemann and A. Kasekamp, ‘The Politics of History and the “War of Monuments”  ’,
Estonia: Nationalities Papers
, 36/3 (3 July 2008), pp. 425–48.
16
. Monument controversy,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bronze_soldier_of_tallinn
(2008).
17
. Gary Peach, ‘Estonia Removes Disputed Soviet War Memorial’,
International Herald Tribune
(27 April 2007).
18
. Adrian Blomfield, ‘Putin Criticises Estonia over War Memorial’,
Daily Telegraph
(12 May 2007).
19
. Ian Traynor, ‘Russia Accused of Unleashing Cyberwar to Disable Estonia’,
Guardian
(17 May 2007); ‘A Cyber-riot’,
The Economist
(10 May 2007).
20
.
www.security-gurus.de/papers/cyberwarfare.pdf
(2010).
21
.
www.ncsa.illinois.edu
(2010).
22
. ‘Estonia Joins Euro as Currency Expands into former Soviet Bloc’,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-31.html
(2011).

II

23
. Richard Pipes,
The Formation of the Soviet Union
(Cambridge, Mass., 1964).
24
. Geoffrey Hosking,
Russia: People and Empire, 1552
–
1917
(London, 1997).
25
. ‘Estonia’, in
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 11th edn. (1911).
26
. ‘Reval’, ibid.
27
. Evan Mawdsley,
The Russian Civil War
(Edinburgh, 2000).
28
. Robert Service, ‘The Polish Corridor’, in
Stalin: A Biography
(London, 2004), pp. 175–85.
29
. See Norman Davies,
White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919
–19
20
(London, 1972); and Adam Zamoyski,
Warsaw 1920
(London, 2008).
30
. N. Bukharin,
Building up Socialism
(London, 1925); Service,
Stalin
.
31
. Georg von Rauch,
The Baltic States: The Years of Independence
(London, 1974), pp. 24–39.
32
. Ibid., p. 31.
33
. Estonia’s Declaration of Independence, 1918,
www.president.ee
(2010).
34
. ‘The German Occupation, 1917–18’, in Rauch,
Baltic States
, pp. 39–49.
35
. ‘War of Independence’, ibid., pp. 49–70. See also
www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=estonian_liberation_war
(2008).
36
. Mart Laar,
Estonia’s Way
(Tallinn, 2006), p. 126.
37
. See M. W. Graham,
The Diplomatic Recognition of the Border States
(Berkeley, 1939).
38
. Anne Applebaum,
Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps
(London, 2003).
39
. Stefan Oleskiw,
Agony of a Nation
(London, 1983); Robert Conquest,
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine
(London, 2002); L. Luciuk (ed.),
Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine, 1932
–
33
(Kingston, Ont., 2008).
40
. Scott Shane,
Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union
(Chicago, 1994), p. 90.
41
. Robert Conquest,
The Great Terror: A Reassessment
(Oxford, 2008); idem,
Stalin: Breaker of Nations
(London, 1998); idem,
The Dragons of Expectation: Reality and Delusion in the Course of History
(London, 2005).
42
. Laar,
Estonia’s Way
, p. 130.
43
. Ibid., pp. 135–6.
44
. See Norman Davies,
Europe at War, 1939–1945: No Simple Victory
(London, 2006).
45
. Steve Zaloga,
Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
(Oxford, 2002).
46
. William Trotter,
The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish War of 1939
–
40
(London, 2002).
47
. Rodric Braithwaite,
Moscow 1941: A City and its People at War
(London, 2006).
48
. Harrison Salisbury,
The Siege of Leningrad
(London, 1969).
49
. Antony Beevor,
Stalingrad
(London, 1999).
50
. Janusz Piekalkiewicz,
Operation Citadel: Kursk and Orel. The Greatest Tank Battle of the Second World War
(Novato, Calif., 1987).
51
. Antony Beevor,
Berlin: The Downfall, 1945
(London, 2002).
52
. See Richard Overy,
Russia’s War
(London, 1999).
53
. Jan Lewandowski,
Estonia
(Warsaw, 2001), pp. 137–45.
54
. J. W. Russell, quoted by David Kirby, ‘Incorporation’, in G. Smith (ed.),
The Baltic States
(London, 1996), p. 80.
55
. ‘Soviet Occupation, 1940–41’, in
Estonia, 1940
–
1945
, pp. 1–410; Meelis Maripuu, ‘The Deportations of 1940–41’, ibid.; see also Imbi Paju,
Memories Denied
(Helsinki, 2006).
56
. ‘German Occupation, 1941–44’, in
Estonia, 1940
–
1945
, pp. 521–766; Riho Vastrik, ‘The Tartu Concentration Camp’, Meelis Maripuu, ‘The Execution of Estonian Jews’, ‘The Annihilation of Czech and German Jews’, ‘Soviet Prisoners of War in Estonia’, ibid.
57
. Indrik Paavle, ‘Fate of the Estonian Elite’, in
Estonia, 1940
–
1945
, pp. 391–410.
58
. T. Hiio and P. Kaasik, ‘Estonian Units in the Waffen SS’, in
Estonia, 1940
–
1945
, pp. 927–68; P. Kaasik, ‘The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps in North-Western Russia’, ibid., pp. 909–26.
59
. Lauri Malksoo, ‘The Government of Otto Tief’, in
Estonia, 1940
–
1945
, pp. 1107–12.
60
. ‘Phase III, The Soviet Occupation of Estonia from 1944’,
www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/conclusions_en_1944.pdf
(2008); see also M. Laar,
War in the Woods: Estonia’s Struggle for Survival, 1944
–
56
(Ann Arbor, 1992).
61
. Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
Invisible Allies
(New York, 1997), pp. 46–64.
62
.
Estonia, 1940
–
1945
, p. 1031.
63
. Robert Litwak,
Détente: American Foreign Policy, 1969
–
76
(Cambridge, 1986).
64
. Margaret MacMillan,
Nixon and Mao: The Week that Changed the World
(New York, 2006).
65
. Leonard Shapiro,
The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union
(London, 1970); Martin Malia,
The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917
–
91
(New York, 1994); Alec Nove,
Stalinism and After
(Boston, 1989).
66
. T. Parming and E. Jaervesoo,
Case Study of a Soviet Republic: The Estonian SSR
(Boulder, Colo., 1978).
67
. S. Utechin,
Concise Encyclopaedia of Russia
(London, 1961), pp. 172–3.
68
. Maxim Waldstein, ‘Russifying Estonia? Iurii Lotman and the Politics of Language and Culture in Soviet Estonia’,
Kritika
, 8/3 (2007), pp. 561–96.
69
. Paul Hillier,
Arvo Pärt
(Oxford, 1997); Eesti Musika,
Estonian Music Guide
(Tallinn, 2004).
70
. Marina Frolova-Walker, ‘Nationalist in Form, Socialist in Content: Musical Nation-building in the Soviet Republics’,
Journal of the American Musical Society
, 51/2 (1998), pp. 331–71.
71
. Quoted in Stalin,
Marxism and the National and Colonial Question
(n.p., 1934).
72
.
http://www.nlib.ee/html/inglise/rr/hist.html
(2011).
73
. The Appeal was signed by prominent names in all three Baltic States. See ‘Estonia Today: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its Consequences’,
http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/493/mrp.pdf
.
74
. Stephen White,
Gorbachev and After
(Cambridge, 1993).
75
. ‘Glasnost’, in
Oxford Russian–English Dictionary
(Oxford, 1972).
76
. Estonian national awakening: Clare Thomson,
The Singing Revolution
(London, 1992); Henri Voigt,
‘Estonia – the Singing Revolution’: Between Utopia and Disillusionment
(Oxford, 2005), pp. 20–35.
77
. Meldra Usenko,
Akcija Baltijas Cels, 1989 – The Baltic Way
(Riga, n.d.), illustrated.
78
. ‘Estonia – Independence Reclaimed’,
http://countrystudies.us/estonia/5.htm
(2008).