Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot (58 page)

Bibliographical details of each book or article are given at its first point of entry (the place of publication is London unless otherwise stated). Thereafter, only a short entry is given, with a note indicating where the first full reference can be found in brackets, i.e. in Chapter Four, note 6, ‘Tacitus (III–I), p. 265’ refers back to Chapter Three, note 1, Tacitus,
The Annals of Imperial Rome
, translated and with an Introduction by Michael Grant (revised edn 1977 pbk).

Chapter 1: A Singular Exception

‘Flashes afresh …’ is a quotation from Philip Larkin’s poem ‘Aubade’.

1
Research carried out at the Colindale Newspaper Library fully confirms this.

2
Jonson, Ben,
The Masque of Queenes
, with the designs of Inigo Jones (1930), p. 35.

3
Cit. Dudley, Donald R. and Webster, Graham,
The Rebellion of Boudicca
(1962), p. 130; Webster, Graham,
Boudica: The British Revolt against Rome
AD
60
(1978), p. 15.

4
See Courteault, Paul, ‘An Inscription Recently Found at Bordeaux’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, Vol. XI (1921), pp. 102f. for a votive altar to Tutela Boudiga; Webster (1–3), p. 15.

5
Ubaldini, Petruccio,
Le vite delle Donne illustri del regno d’Inghilterra, e del regno di Scotia
… (1591); ‘Le Vite e i Fatti de sei Donne Illustri’, British Library
MS
14A XIX. Translated by Angus Clarke.

6
Ogilby, John,
Africa etc … Collected and translated from the most authentic authors
(founded mainly on the work of O. Dapper), 2 vols (1670), Vol. II, pp. 564–5.

7
Joan Kelly’s Cancer Journal, cit. Kelly, Joan,
Women, History and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly
(Chicago 1985), p. XV; interview with
Graham Turner, ‘Feminists Count the Cost’,
Sunday Telegraph
, 22 February 1987.

8
Pisan, Christine de,
The Treasure of the City of Ladies, or The Book of the Three Virtues
, translated and with an Introduction by Sarah Lawson (1985 pbk), p. 51.

9
Tocqueville, Alexis de,
Democracy in America
, 2 vols (1875), Vol. II, p. 179; Gibbon, Edward,
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, edited by J. B. Bury, 7 vols, Vol. I (1896), p. 27.

10
E.g. Hacker, Barton C., ‘Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe’,
Signs
, Summer 1981.

11
Cit. Abbott, Nabia,
Aishah: The Beloved of Mohammed
, Preface by Sarah Graham-Brown (1985), p. 176.

12
Gibbon (1–9), 1, p. 149.

13
De Gaulle, Charles,
The Edge of the Sword
, translated by Gerard Hopkins (1960), pp. 13–14.

14
Tacitus,
Germania
, Chs 13–14, cit. Keen, Maurice,
Chivalry
(1984), p. 55.

15
de Beauvoir, Simone,
The Second Sex
(1972 pbk); p. 21.

16
Troyat, Henri
Catherine the Great
, translated by Emily Read (1979), p. 183.

17
A Comment on Boadicia
by W. Rider
AB
, late Scholar of Jesus College, Oxon (1754); Wapshott, Nicholas and Brock, George,
Thatcher
(1983 pbk), p. 240; Mrs Thatcher, by substituting the word ‘failure’ for ‘defeat’, slightly misquoted Queen Victoria.

18
Young, Hugo and Sloman, Anne,
The Thatcher Phenomenon
(BBC Publications, 1986), p. 40; Denis Healey returned to the charge in the 1987 election (13 May), calling Mrs Thatcher ‘the Catherine the Great of Finchley’.

19
Boccaccio, Giovanni,
Concerning Famous Women
, translated with an Introduction by Guido A. Guarmio (1964), p. 5.

20
Campbell, Joseph,
The Masks of God: Creative Mythology
(1974), p. 519 note; Leigh Fermor, Patrick, A
Traveller’s Tree: A Journey through the Caribbean Islands
(1950), p. 374.

21
Carras, Mary C.,
Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership
.
A Political Biography
(Bombay 1980), p. 47; Breisach, Ernst,
Caterina Sforza: A Renaissance Virago
(Chicago 1967), p. 24; cit. Duff, Nora,
Matilda of Tuscany
(1909), p. 77.

22
King, Betty,
Boadicea
(1975), p. 9.

Chapter 2: Antique Glories

1
See Ross, Anne,
Pagan Celtic Britain: Studies in Iconography and Tradition
(1967), Ch. v, pp. 204f.

2
The Mabinogion
, translated with an Introduction by Jeffrey Gantz (1976 pbk), p. 52.

3
Ross,
Pagan
(II–I), pp. 219, 152.

4
The Tain
, translated from the Irish epic by Thomas Kinsella (Oxford 1970 pbk), pp. 52f; I have preferred this lively unbowdlerized translation.

5
Spenser, Edmund,
The Faerie Queene
, Introduction by J. W. Hales, 2 vols (1910), Vol. I, p. 381.

6
Diner, Helen,
Mothers and Amazons
(New York 1965), p. 27.

7
Lefkowitz, Mary R.,
Woman in Greek Myth
(1986), p. 177 and ‘Influential Women’ in
Images of Women in Antiquity
, edited by Averil Cameron and Amélie Kuhrt (1983), pp. 49–64; Pomeroy, Sarah B.,
Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity
(1976), p. 13 and ‘A Classical Scholar’s Perspective on Matriarchy’ in
Liberating Women’s History: Theoretical and Critical Essays
, edited by Berenice A. Carroll (Chicago 1976), pp. 217–24.

8
Todd, Malcolm,
Roman Britain 55
BC–AD
400: The Province beyond the Ocean
(1981 pbk), p. 36.

9
Sobol, Donald J.,
The Amazons of Greek Mythology
(South Brunswick and New York, 1972), pp. 90ff.; Warner, Marina,
Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism
(1981), Ch. x, pp. 198f.; see also Briffault, R.,
The Mothers
, 3 vols (1927), Vol. II, p. 457 note 2 for a convenient list of references on this subject.

10
Lefkowitz (II–7), p. 133.

11
The
Bibliotheca Historica
of Diodorus Siculus, 2 vols (1956–7), Vol. I, pp. 199–203; Virgil,
The Aeneid
, translated into English prose by W. F. Jackson Knight (revised edn 1958 pbk), pp. 299, 200.

12
Heywood, Thomas,
Gynaekeion or Nine Books of Various History Concerning Women
(1624), p. 226.

13
Knox, John,
The First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous regiment of Women
, edited by Edward Arber (1880), p. 13; for the
mignons
see Davis, N. Z.,
Society and Culture in Early Modern France
(1975), p. 133.

14
Correspondence de Napoléon 1
^er
, Vol. XIII (Paris 1863), p. 326.

15
Kelly, Amy,
Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings
(Cambridge, Massachusetts 1950), p. 34.

16
Cit. Kelly,
Eleanor
(II–15), p. 38.

17
Green, David,
Queen Anne
(1970), p. 101.

18
Green (II–17), pp. 109, 154.

19
London
Independent
, 10 December 1986.

20
Duff (I–21), p. 274.

Chapter 3: The Queen of War

1
Tacitus,
The Annals of Imperial Rome
, translated and with an Introduction by Michael Grant (revised edn 1977 pbk), p. 330.

2
Encyclopaedia Britannica
(15th edn 1974), Vol. II, p. 983.

3
Herodotus,
The Histories
, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, revised by A. R. Burn (1972 pbk), p. 115;
The Elegies of Propertius in a Reconditioned Text
, translated by S. G. Tremenheere (1932), p. 229.

4
The Works of Voltaire
, 22 vols (New York 1927), Vol. IX, p. 173; Diodorus Siculus (II–II), p. 153.

5
Herodotus (III–3), pp. 123f.; Dewald, Caroline, ‘Women and Culture in Herodotus’ Histories’, in Foley, Helene B.,
Reflections of Women in Antiquity
(New York 1981), pp. 91–125.

6
Boccaccio (I–19), p. 104.

7
Herodotus (III–3), pp. 8, 14, 475f., 554.

8
Moraes, Dom,
Mrs Gandhi
(1980), p. 133; George Brown, cit.
Observer
, 24 April 1988.

9
Aylmer, John,
An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes against the late blown Blast
… (1559).

10
Heywood (II–12), p. 204.

11
See Grant, Michael,
Cleopatra
(revised edn 1974 pbk),
passim
, which is the basis of these dates and also much of the following passage.

12
Grant (III–11), p. 37.

13
Lefkowitz (II–7), p. 57.

14
Plutarch,
Fall of the Roman Empire: Six Lives
, translated by Rex Warner (1972 pbk), p. 290.

15
Cicero,
Letters to Atticus
, translated by E. O. Winstedt, 3 vols, Vol. III (1918), pp. 337–9.

16
Cit. Grant (III–11), pp. 184–5.

17
Cit. Grant (III–11), p. 261.

18
Grant (III–11), p. 208.

19
Horace,
Odes
, translated by James Michie (1964), 1, 37, p. 87.

20
Nine Lives by Plutarch
, Makers of Rome, translated and with an Introduction by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1972 pbk reprint), p. 280.

21
Propertius (III–3), p. 231.

22
Horace (III–19), 1, 37, p. 89;
Antony and Cleopatra
, Act v, scene ii.

23
Dio’s Roman History
, with an English translation by Earnest Cary, 9 vols, Vol. VIII (1925), pp. 83–105; Wright, F. A.,
Marcus Agrippa
(1937), pp. 251–3;
Cambridge Ancient History
, Vol. X (Cambridge 1934), pp. 266–70; Macurdy, Grace H.,
Vassal-Queens and Some Contemporary Women in the Roman Empire
(Baltimore 1937), p. 2.

24
Virgil (II–11), p. 173.

Chapter 4: Iceni: this Powerful Tribe

The principal sources for the following four chapters are Dudley and Webster,
The Rebellion of Boudicca
(I–3); Webster,
Boudica
(I–3); also Frere,
Britannia
(IV–15); Salway,
Roman Britain
(IV–7); and Todd,
Roman Britain
(II–8).

1
Caesar,
De Bello Gallico
, 5, 21, in ‘War Commentaries of Caesar’, translated by Rex Warner (New York 1960), p. 97; Allen, D. F., ‘The Coins of the Iceni’,
Britannia
, Vol. I (1970), p. 1 note 4, writes: ‘with little doubt’; but Todd (II–8), p. 24: ‘Cenimagni
might
later appear as the Iceni’.

2
Ekwall, Eilert,
Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names
(4th edn Oxford 1959), pp. 267, 268; Dudley and Webster (1–3), Appendix II p. 143.

3
The famous judgement of Gibbon on Abyssinia, actually a quotation from Alexander Pope,
Eloisa to Abelard
, (1717), l, 207.

4
Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 1.

5
Tacitus (III–I), p. 265; Todd (II–8), p. 83 note 8.

6
Tacitus (III–I), p. 265.

7
Salway, Peter,
Roman Britain
(Oxford 1984 pbk), p. 101; Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 2; Todd (II–8), p. 53.

8
See Ross, Anne,
Everyday Life of the Pagan Celts
(1970); Ross,
Pagan
(II–1); Powell, T. G. E.,
The Celts
(1958),
passim
.

9
Clarke, R. Rainbird,
East Anglia
(1960), p. 110; Piggott, Stuart,
The Druids
(1974 pbk), p. 36.

10
The Geography of Strabo
, translated by H. L. Jones, 8 vols, Vol. II (1923), pp. 237, 247.

11
Fox, Sir Cyril,
Pattern and Purpose
:
A Survey of Early Celtic Art in Britain
(Cardiff 1958), p. 59 and illustration p. 58; Salway (IV–7), p. 76; Powell (IV–8), p. 109: ‘no archaeological evidence’ for scythed chariots.