66. For a vivid portrayal of this ethnic multiplicity, see Susan Johnson, Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush (New York, 2000).
67. Hyer, “We Are Not Savages” ; Hurtado, Indian Survival , 100–124.
68. See Marks, Precious Dust , 358–63.
69. Josiah Royce, California from Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee , ed. Earl Pomeroy (1886; Santa Barbara, Calif., 1970), 214.
70. Rohrbough, Days of Gold , 113; Roberts, American Alchemy , 92, 233–41.
71. Paul and West, Mining Frontiers , 28–36.
72. Ibid., 35. Figures for New York come from Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic (New York, 1984), 405 (Table 14).
73. Morrison, Slavery and the American West , 96–103.
74. Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson , ed. Ralph Orth and Alfred Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), IX, 430–31. Emerson wrote this May 23, 1846, not long after the war began.
75. Quoted in Kerby Miller, Emigrants and Exiles (New York, 1985), 281.
76. On the potato diet, see Mary Daly, “Revisionism and the Great Famine,” in The Making of Modern Irish History , ed. George Boyce and Alan O’Day (London, 1996), 78.
77. Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: North America , ed. Bruce Trigger and Wilcomb Washburn (Cambridge, Eng., 1996), pt. i, 528.
78. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles , 280, 201; Kevin Kenny, The American Irish (London, 2000), 89–90.
79. On Protestant Irish emigration to North America, see Donald Akenson, The Irish Diaspora (Toronto, 1996), esp. 219–30.
80. Terry Coleman, Going to America (New York, 1972), 23; Kenny, American Irish , 99–104; P. J. Drudy, “Introduction,” in The Irish in America (Cambridge, Eng., 1985), 16–19. The National School system had been introduced in 1831 with English as the sole language of instruction.
81. See Dierdre Mageean, “Nineteenth-Century Irish Emigration,” in Drudy, Irish in America , 39–61.
82. Tyler Anbinder, “From Famine to Five Points,” AHR 107 (2002): 351–87; Joseph Ferrie, Yankeys Now: Immigrants in the Antebellum United States (New York, 1999), 98, 128, 187.
83. David Fitzpatrick, Irish Emigration (Dublin, 1984), 20; Roger Daniels, Coming to America , 2nd ed. (New York, 2002), 127.
84. Contrast Oscar Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), with Akenson, Irish Diaspora and Drudy, Irish in America .
85. Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York (New York, 1984), 65, 83, 96. See also Dale Knobel, Paddy and the Republic (Middletown, Conn., 1986).
86. John Higham, Send These to Me (New York, 1975), 15, Table 2.
87. William Gienapp, Origins of the Republican Party (New York, 1987), 145, 419; Robert Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening (Chicago, 2000), 64.
88. William Gienapp, “Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North,” JAH 72 (1985): 529–59; Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery (New York, 1992).
89. The Papers of Henry Clay , ed. Melba Hay (Lexington, Ky., 1991), X, 361–77.
90. Yonatan Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861 (Cambridge, Eng., 2007); Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (New York, 1999), 245–47; John Larson, Internal Improvement (Chapel Hill, 2001), 240–45.
91. Quoted in Thomas Hietala, “This Splendid Juggernaut,” Manifest Destiny and Empire , ed. Sam Haynes and Christopher Morris (College Station, Tex., 1997), 58.
92. “Speech in U.S. House of Representatives” (July 27, 1848), Collected Works of AL , V, 505. The definitive formulation of Cass’s position was his letter to Alfred Nicholson, Dec. 24, 1847, reprinted in Arthur Schlesinger Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections (New York, 1971), II, 906–12.
93. Charles Sellers, James K. Polk, Continentalist (Princeton, 1966), 372.
94. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy (New York, 2005), 583; Joel Silbey, Storm over Texas (Oxford, 2005), 99–111.
95. See Frederick Blue, The Free Soilers (Urbana, Ill., 1973); Joseph Rayback, Free Soil: The Election of 1848 (Lexington, Ky., 1970); and for the long-term consequences, Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men (New York, 1970).
96. See Jonathan Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil (Chapel Hill, 2004), esp. 58–62 on the anti-renters.
97. Donald Cole, Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (Princeton, 1984), 418. See also Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York, 1980), 77–93.
98. David Grimsted, American Mobbing (New York, 1998), 195.
99. Richard Bensel, The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Eng., 2004), 156–59; Communications from Steven Bullock, Daniel Feller, and David Hochfelder to H-NET list for members of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, November 2000.
100. Holt, Rise and Fall of Whig Party , 368–81; Joel Silbey, The Partisan Imperative (New York, 1985), 94–95.
101. Henry Clay to Charles Fenton Mercer, Dec. 10, 1848, Papers of Henry Clay , X, 561–62; Donald Cole, Martin Van Buren (Princeton, 1984), 425, 430.
102. Willard Klunder, Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation (Kent, Ohio, 1996), 70.
103. Philip Hone, Diary , ed. Bayard Tuckerman (New York, 1910), II, 276.
1. See Margaret Hope Bacon, Valiant Friend: The Life of Lucretia Mott (New York, 1980).
2. Judith Wellman, The Road to Seneca Falls (Urbana, Ill., 2004), 183–94, 232; Ellen DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978), 23.
3. This modest title followed the example of the statement issued at the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. The text of the Declaration comes from Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds., History of Woman Suffrage (New York, 1881), I, 70–71.
4. Actually, a few women, including Lucretia Mott, had already been ordained ministers.
6. Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle , rev. ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1975), 77; Jean Matthews, Women’s Struggle for Equality (Chicago, 1997), 58.
7. Bacon, Valiant Friend , 128. Quakers, Unitarians, Methodists, and Free Will Baptists ordained a few women; the Methodists ceased doing so in 1880.
8. Blanche Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist-Abolitionists in America (Urbana, Ill., 1978), 193. Modern biblical scholars have questioned the authenticity of the injunction; see The New Oxford Annotated Bible , ed. Michael Coogan (Oxford, 2001).
9. Sylvia Hoffert, When Hens Crow: The Woman’s Rights Movement in Antebellum America (Bloomington, 1995), 58; Margaret McFadden, Golden Cables of Sympathy: Transatlantic Sources of Nineteenth-Century Feminism (Lexington, Ky., 1999), 53.
10. Banner, Elizabeth Cady Stanton , 155–65.
11. Glenn Altschuler and Jan Saltzgaber, Revivalism, Social Conscience, and Community in the Burned-Over District: The Trial of Rhoda Bement (Ithaca, N.Y., 1983).
12. Lori Ginzberg, Untidy Origins: A Story of Women’s Rights in Antebellum New York (Chapel Hill, 2005), 203.
13. On this broad context, see Nancy Isenberg, Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill, 1998).
14. Sandra Weber, Women’s Rights National Historical Park (Denver, 1985), 3–12; Wellman, Road , 65–75.
15. On the southern women’s colleges, see Michael O’Brien, Conjectures of Order (Chapel Hill, 2004), I, 259–60.
16. Elizabeth Blackwell to Emily Collins, Aug. 12, 1848, History of Woman Suffrage , I, 90.
17. As Elizabeth Cady Stanton complained to Susan B. Anthony, quoted in Elisabeth Griffith, In Her Own Right (New York, 1984), 87.