73. Kathryn Sklar, Women’s Rights Emerges within the Anti-Slavery Movement (Boston, 2000); Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York, 1998), 288–90.
74. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery (Cleveland, 1969), 185–204; John McKivigan, The War Against Proslavery Religion (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984).
75. Christopher Clark, The Communitarian Moment (Ithaca, N.Y., 1995), 34–49.
76. Stanley Harrold, The Abolitionists and the South (Lexington, Ky., 1995), 85–95, 105–6. On colonizationists, see Victor Howard, Conscience and Slavery (Kent, Ohio, 1990).
77. Amy Swerdlow, “Abolition’s Conservative Sisters,” in The Abolitionist Sisterhood , ed. Jean Yellin and John Van Horn (Ithaca, N.Y., 1994), 31–44; Julie Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism (Chapel Hill, 1998), 105–6, 139–44. See also Carolyn Lawes, Women and Reform in a New England Community (Lexington, Ky., 2000).
78. Stewart, Holy Warriors , 88–94; Robert Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling (New York, 1994), 226.
79. The book was republished in 1972, abridged and edited by Richard Curry and Joanna Cowden.
80. Robert Abzug, Passionate Liberator (New York, 1980), 255; Norman Risjord, Representative Americans: The Romantics (New York, 2001), 243, 248.
81. Anna Speicher, The Religious World of Antislavery Women (Syracuse, N.Y., 2000), 110.
82. Quoted in Blanche Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana, Ill., 1978), 29; Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling , 204–29.
83. Mayer, All on Fire , 263–84; Garrison is quoted by Debra Gold Hansen in “The Boston Female Antislavery Society,” in Yellin and Van Horn, Abolitionist Sisterhood , 59.
84. Bruce Laurie, Beyond Garrison: Antislavery and Social Reform (Cambridge, Eng., 2005), 7, 61; Michael Pierson, Free Hearts and Free Homes: Gender and American Antislavery Politics (Chapel Hill, 2003), 7.
85. Jeffrey, Great Silent Army , p. 163; see further in Richard Sewell, Ballots for Freedom (New York, 1976), 3–79.
86. Quoted in Jeffrey, Great Silent Army , xiii.
87. James B. Stewart, “Modernizing ‘Difference’: The Political Meanings of Color in the Free States,” JER 19 (1999): 691–712.
88. Stanley Harrold, Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, DC (Baton Rouge, 2003); Josephine Pacheco, The Pearl (Chapel Hill, 2005).
89. Robin Winks, Blacks in Canada , 2nd ed. (Montreal, 1997), 233–41. The latest account of the underground railroad is Fergus Bordewich, Bound for Canaan (New York, 2005).
90. See Albert von Frank, The Trials of Anthony Burns: Liberty and Antislavery in Emerson’s Boston (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).
91. David Grimsted, American Mobbing (New York, 1998), 74–82.
92. On Timbucto, New York, see John Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), 141–58.
93. Douglass, Narrative , 120–21.
94. David Blight, Frederick Douglass’s Civil War (Baton Rouge, 1989), 1–25; FD to Theophilous Gould Steward, July 27, 1886, in The Oxford Frederick Douglass Reader , ed. William Andrews (New York, 1996), 312.
95. New York Tribune , June 10, 1845.
96. Quoted in Waldo Martin Jr., The Mind of Frederick Douglass (Chapel Hill, 1984), 223.
97. Frederick Douglass, Autobiographies , ed. Henry Louis Gates (New York, 1994), 798; James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican (New York, 2007), 211, 216, 232, 242.
98. Excerpted from James Russell Lowell, Poems, Second Series (Cambridge, Mass., 1848), 53–62; orig. pub. in the Boston Courier , Dec. 11, 1845. The words were subsequently adapted as a hymn. For dating, I rely on Leon Howard, Victorian Knight Errant: James Russell Lowell (Berkeley, 1952), 214–15.
1. In the usage of the southwestern United States, “Anglo” means any white English-speaker, not just those of British descent; “Hispanic,” any Spanish-speaker, regardless of race.
2. Gregg Cantrell, Stephen F. Austin (New Haven, 1999), 88–91.
3. The terms are described in Frederick Merk, History of the Westward Movement (New York, 1978), 267. On the motives prompting Americans to move to Texas, see Andrew Cayton, “Continental Politics,” in Beyond the Founders , ed. Jeffrey Pasley (Chapel Hill, 2004), 303–27.
4. Quoted in Quintard Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier (New York, 1998), 40.
5. Paul Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience (College Station, Tex., 1992), 12.
6. David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846 (Albuquerque, N.M., 1982), 161–66.
7. Merk, Westward Movement , 266.
8. Nettie Lee Benson, “Texas Viewed from Mexico,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 90 (1986–87): 219–91; Weber, Mexican Frontier , 175–77; Frederick Merk, Slavery and the Annexation of Texas (New York, 1972), 180.
9. James Crisp, “Race, Revolution, and the Texas Republic,” in The Texas Military Experience , ed. Joseph Dawson (College Station, Tex., 1995), 32–48; Randolph Campbell, An Empire for Slavery (Baton Rouge, 1989), 48–49. For an argument that slavery was a cause of the revolution, see Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier , 39–45.
10. Merk, Westward Movement , 274–75.
11. Benjamin Lundy, The War in Texas (Philadelphia, 1836); San Felipe de Austin Telegraph and Texas Register , Oct. 17, 1835.
12. Paul Lack, “Slavery and the Texas Revolution,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 89 (1985): 181–202, quotation from 191.
13. Lack, Texas Revolutionary Experience , 53.
14. Ibid, 82.
15. Quoted in Stephen Hardin, Texian Iliad (Austin, Tex., 1994), 232. Crockett’s political sophistication has been rescued from unjust condescension by Thomas Scruggs in “Davy Crockett and the Thieves of Jericho,” JER 19 (1999): 481–98.
16. Randy Roberts and James Olson, A Line in the Sand (New York, 2001), 154–57.
17. José de la Peña, With Santa Anna in Texas , trans. Carmen Perry, expanded ed. (College Station, Tex., 1997), 53; Paul Hutton, “The Alamo As Icon,” in Dawson, Texas Military Experience , 14–31.
18. Hardin, Texian Iliad , 155–57.
19. Ibid., 174.
20. Margaret Henson, “Tory Sentiment in Anglo-Texan Public Opinion,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 90 (1986–87): 7.
21. Stephen Austin to David Burnet, March 4, 1836, in Stephen Austin, Fugitive Letters, 1829–1836 , ed. Jacqueline Tomerlin (San Antonio, Tex., 1981), 40. A contemporary broadside showing the Texan Declaration of Independence is shown in David B. Davis and Sidney Mintz, eds., The Boisterous Sea of Liberty (New York, 1998), 407.
22. See Lack, Texas Revolutionary Experience , 183–207.
23. Hardin, Texian Iliad , 213.
24. Lack, “Slavery and the Texan Revolution,” 195–96. The agreement Santa Anna signed at Velasco, Texas, including its secret provisions, can be found in Oscar Martínez, ed., U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Wilmington, Del., 1996), 17–19.
25. D. W. Meinig, Imperial Texas (Austin, Tex., 1969), 42.
26. Louisiana State Museum, the Cabildo, New Orleans.
27. Robert May, Manifest Destiny’s Underworld (Chapel Hill, 2002), 9; Leonard Richards, “The Jacksonians and Slavery,” in Antislavery Reconsidered , ed. Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman (Baton Rouge, 1979), 116.
28. John Belohlavek, Let the Eagle Soar! The Foreign Policy of Andrew Jackson (Lincoln, Neb., 1985), 237–38; Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States (Washington, 1933), III, 412–13.
29. Andreas Reichstein, Rise of the Lone Star (College Station, Tex., 1989), 94–96; Remini, Jackson , III, 365.
30. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, June 20, 1820, ms. in Monroe Papers, New York Public Library; Remini, Jackson , I, 389–90.
31. Robert Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Lawrence, Kans., 1993), 266–67; William Miller, Arguing About Slavery (New York, 1996), 284–98.