80. On Wright’s failed stratagem, see Charles McCurdy, The Anti-Rent Era in New York Law and Politics (Chapel Hill, 2001), 234–59.
81. Ibid., 336.
82. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, 1975), I, 139; Leonard Schwarz, “English Servants and Their Employers,” Economic History Review 52 (1999), 245.
83. Daniel Sutherland, Americans and Their Servants, 1800–1920 (Baton Rouge, 1981), quotation from 9. Faye Dudden, Serving Women: Household Service in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, Conn., 1983), 72–79; Keith Barton, “Slave Hiring, Domestic Labor, and the Market in Bourbon County, Kentucky,” JAH 84 (1997): 436–60.
84. [Catharine Maria Sedgwick], Home (Boston, 1835), 72; Catharine Beecher, Treatise on Domestic Economy (Boston, 1841), 198.
85. Supplement to the OED (Oxford, 1976), s.v. “housework”; Ruth Schwarz Cowan, More Work for Mother (New York, 1983), 16–19.
86. Margo, “The Labor Force in the Nineteenth Century,” 210.
87. In a large historiography, see esp. Amy Dru Stanley, “Home Life and the Morality of the Market,” in The Market Revolution in America , ed. Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway (Charlottesville, Va., 1996), 74–96; Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood (New Haven, 1977); Mary Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York (New York, 1981).
88. John Majewski, “Toward a Social History of the Corporation,” in The Economy of Early America , ed. Cathy Matson (University Park, Pa., 2006), 294–316; Michael Lacey, “Federalism and National Planning: The Nineteenth-Century Legacy,” in The American Planning Tradition , ed. Robert Fishman (Washington, 2000), 89–146.
89. Colleen Dunlavy, “From Citizens to Plutocrats: Nineteenth-Century Shareholder Voting Rights and Theories of the Corporation,” in Constructing Corporate America , ed. Kenneth Lipartito and David Sicilia (Oxford, 2004), 66–93.
90. Quoted in Susan Hirsch, Roots of the American Working Class (Philadelphia, 1978), 86.
91. Naomi Lamoreaux, “Entrepreneurship, Organization, Economic Concentration,” in Cambridge Economic History of U.S. , II, 410–11; idem, “Partnerships, Corporations, and the Limits of Contractual Freedom in U.S. History,” in Constructing Corporate America , 29–65.
92. William Novak, The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, 1999), 105–11. See also Hendrik Hartog, Public Property and Private Power (Ithaca, N.Y., 1983).
93. Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, Mass., 1977); P. S. Atiyah, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (Oxford, 1979); Barbara Black, “A Tale of Two Laws,” Michigan Law Review 79 (1981): 929–46.
94. Based on a very thorough study of private law at the state level: Peter Karsten, Heart Versus Head: Judge-Made Law in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, 1997), quotation from 10. Some legal theorists held that the common law embodied Christianity; see Daniel Blinka, “The Roots of the Modern Trial,” JER 27 (2007): 293–334.
95. Thomas Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law (Chapel Hill, 1996), 434. See also Jenny Wahl, The Bondsman’s Burden: An Economic Analysis of the Common Law of Southern Slavery (Cambridge, Eng., 1998); Ariela Gross, Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Southern Courtroom (Princeton, 2000).
96. Howard Bodenhorn, History of Banking in Antebellum America (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), quotation from 215. See also Paul Gilje, “The Rise of Capitalism,” JER 16 (1996): 159–81.
97. Quoted in Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution , 86.
98. Noted by Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion (Stanford, 1960), 114.
99. See further in Richard Sylla, “Experimental Federalism,” in Cambridge Economic History of U.S. , II, 483–541.
100. http://cprr.org/Museum/First_US_Railroads_Gamst.html (viewed May 25, 2007). Carroll is quoted in Louis Masur, 1831 (New York, 2001), 173.
101. John Latrobe, The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (Baltimore, 1868), 18.
102. John Larson, Internal Improvement (Chapel Hill, 2001), 225–55; Ruth Schwarz Cowan, Social History of American Technology (New York, 1997), 113–14.
103. Albert Fishlow, “Transportation in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries,” in Cambridge Economic History of U.S. , II, 572–74, 611–12; Taylor, Transportation Revolution , 134–44.
104. Colleen Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (Princeton, 1994), 51–55.
105. Richard Sylla, “The Economy of American Government, 1789–1914,” in Cambridge Economic History of U.S. , II, 483–541; Fishlow, “Transportation,” 575.
106. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs , ed. Charles Francis Adams (Philadelphia, 1874–79), IX, 29–32.
107. Thomas Weiss, “Economic Growth Before 1860,” in American Economic Development in Historical Perspective , ed. Thomas Weiss and Donald Schaefer (Stanford, 1994), 11–27; Richard Sylla, Jack Wilson, and Charles P. Jones, “U.S. Financial Markets and Long-Term Economic Growth,” ibid., 28–35. The term “take-off” originated with Walt Rostow, Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge, Eng., 1963; 3rd ed., 1990).
108. The classic account of the rise of management is Alfred Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1977). On the continued importance of skilled workers, see Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (New York, 1976), 221; John K. Brown, The Baldwin Locomotive Works (Baltimore, 1995).
109. Susan Gray, The Yankee West: Community Life on the Michigan Frontier (Chapel Hill, 1996), 48–65.
110. Helen Jeter, Trends of Population in the Region of Chicago (Chicago, 1927), 7, 21.
111. Robert C. Waterston, Poem Delivered Before the Mercantile Library Association (Boston, 1845).
1. “Inaugural Address” (March 4, 1841), Presidential Messages , IV, 5–21, quotation from 20.
2. Quoted in Robert Remini, Daniel Webster (New York, 1997), 516.
3. Harrison’s record stood until the inauguration of sixty-nine-year-old Ronald Reagan in 1981.
4. The family’s eminence continued; in 1889 William Henry’s grandson Benjamin Harrison also became president of the United States.
5. William Henry Harrison to James Findlay, Jan. 24, 1817, quoted in Donald Ratcliffe, The Politics of Long Division (Columbus, Ohio, 2000), 225.
6. As reported by Henry A. Wise, in Seven Decades of the Union (Philadelphia, 1881), 171.
7. Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (New York, 1999), 102–3.
8. Major Wilson, The Presidency of Martin Van Buren (Lawrence, Kans., 1984), 194.
9. Robert Seager, “Henry Clay and the Politics of Compromise,” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 85 (1987): 14.
10. Ronald Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties (Princeton, 1971), 128–36. Over one hundred pages of Whig song lyrics are printed in A. Banning Norton, Tippecanoe Songs of the Log Cabin Boys and Girls of 1840 (Mount Vernon, Ohio, 1888).
11. Donald Cole, Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (Princeton, 1984), 368–69.
12. President Andrew Johnson, however, conducted a “swing around the circle” to campaign on behalf of Democratic congressional candidates in the 1866 midterm elections.
13. Washington Globe , May 5, 1840.
14. National Party Platforms , comp. Kirk Porter and Donald Johnson (Urbana, Ill., 1970), 2.
15. [John de Ziska], Baltimore Republican , Dec. 11, 1839.
16. Richard Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (New Haven, 1993), 61–62.
17. Quoted in Wilson, Presidency of Van Buren , 199.
18. Holt, Rise and Fall of Whig Party, 108–12.
19. Wise, Seven Decades , 172.
20. Richard P. McCormick, “New Perspectives on Jacksonian Politics,” AHR 65 (1960): 288–301.
21. C. C. Cambreling to Martin Van Buren, Dec. 15, 1840, quoted in John Niven, Martin Van Buren and the Romantic Age of American Politics (New York, 1983), 471–72.
22. Quotation from Wilson, Presidency of Van Buren , 197. See also Holt, Rise and Fall of Whig Party , 76–82, 108–12.