62. John S. Haller, American Medicine in Transition (Urbana, Ill., 1981), 36–99; Holmes, Medical Essays , 203; Alex Berman, “The Heroic Approach in 19th-Century Therapeutics,” in Sickness and Health in America , ed. Judith Leavitt and Ronald Numbers (Madison, Wisc., 1978), 77–86.
63. James Cassedy, Medicine in America (Baltimore, 1991), 33–39; John Duffy, From Humors to Medical Science (Urbana, Ill., 1993), 80–94. On African American folk medicine, see Sharla Fett, Working Cures (Chapel Hill, 2002).
64. See Robert Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling (New York, 1994), 163–82; Jayme Sokolow, Eros and Modernization (London, 1983), 161–68; Stephen Nissenbaum, Sylvester Graham and Health Reform (Westport, Conn., 1980), 152–54.
65. William Rothstein, American Medical Schools and the Practice of Medicine (New York, 1987), 15–53; Ohio data on 50.
66. For hospitals, see Charles Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers (New York, 1987), 15–46. For slaves, see Marie Jenkins Schwartz, Birthing a Slave (Cambridge, Mass., 2006); Deborah McGregor, From Midwives to Medicine (New Brunswick, N.J., 1998), 33–68.
67. Gerald Grob, The Deadly Truth (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), 96–101, 108–15, 121–32; Thomas Cuff, The Hidden Cost of Economic Development (Burlington, Vt., 2005), xv.
68. Richard Steckel, “Stature and Living Standards in the United States,” in American Economic Growth and Standards of Living Before the Civil War , ed. Robert Gallman and John Wallis (Chicago, 1992), 265–310; Robert Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening (Chicago, 2000), 139–51, graphs on p. 141; Robert Fogel, The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death (Cambridge, Eng., 2004), 35.
69. Malvin Ring, History of Dentistry (New York, 1992), 197–228; Suellen Hoy, Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness (New York, 1995), 5, 89; Bridget Travers, ed., The World of Invention (New York, 1994), 635.
70. James Cassedy, American Medicine and Statistical Thinking (Cambridge, Mass., 1984), 87; Elaine Crane, “The Defining Force of Pain in Early America,” in Through a Glass Darkly , ed. Ronald Hoffman et al. (Chapel Hill, 1997), 370–403. Thomas Dormandy, Worst of Evils: The Fight Against Pain (New Haven, 2006) came into my hands too late for me to use.
71. G. B. Rushman et al., A Short History of Anaesthesia (Oxford, 1996), 9–19; Martin Pernick, A Calculus of Suffering (New York, 1985).
72. Raphall is quoted in Mark Noll, America’s God (Oxford, 2002), 393–94.
73. A recent anthology of primary documents from the debates over slavery is A House Divided , ed. Mason Lowance (Princeton, 2003); see 63–67, 92–96. See also Stephen Haynes, Noah’s Curse (New York, 2002).
74. Daniel McInerney, “The Political Gospel of Abolition,” JER 11 (1991): 371–94; Richard W. Fox, Jesus in America (San Francisco, 2004), 206. Among all U.S. biblical scholars, only Theodore Parker found any merit in Strauss’s approach; see Dean Grodzins, American Heretic (Chapel Hill, 2002), 186–90.
75. Francis Wayland and Richard Fuller, Domestic Slavery Considered as a Scriptural Institution (New York, 1847) is a tribute to the confidence of the participants in reasoned argument.
76. After an extended discussion, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene Genovese declare the proslavery side victors in The Mind of the Master Class (Cambridge, Eng., 2005), 473–527, though they dismiss the Curse of Ham argument as weak. On foreign observers, see Noll, America’s God , 400–401, 408. An excellent brief summary of the debate is Holifield, Theology in America , 494–504.
77. Thomas R. Dew, Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832 (Richmond, Va., 1832); William Shade, Democratizing the Old Dominion (Charlottesville, Va., 1996), 205; John Daly, When Slavery Was Called Freedom (Lexington, Ky., 2002), 34–56.
78. See Kenneth Minkema and Harry Stout, “The Edwardsean Tradition and the Antislavery Debate,” JAH 92 (2005): 47–74.
79. See Jan Lewis, “The Problem of Slavery in Southern Political Discourse,” in Devising Liberty , ed. David Konig (Stanford, 1995), 265–97; Drew Faust, Southern Stories (Columbia, Mo., 1992), 72–87; Ralph Morrow, “The Proslavery Argument Revisited,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 48 (1961): 79–94.
80. William Freehling, The Reintegration of American History (New York, 1994), 59–81; O’Brien, Conjectures of Order , II, 1149–57. On Jones, see Erskine Clark, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven, 2005), esp. 135–39.
81. Christine Heyrman, Southern Cross (New York, 1997), 5–6; Anne Loveland, Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order (Baton Rouge, 1980), 191–219; Daly, When Slavery Was Called Freedom , 61–72.
82. John McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom (New York, 2003), 49–56. See also Madeleine Rice, American Catholic Opinion in the Slavery Controversy (New York, 1944).
83. See David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness (London, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1995), 10–31; Charles Morris, American Catholic (New York, 1997), 63–80.
84. John C. Calhoun, “Speech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions,” in his Works (New York, 1851–55), II, 625–33, quotations from 631–33; Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York, 1948), 68.
85. Patricia Cohen, A Calculating People (Chicago, 1982), 175–204; James Cassedy, Medicine and American Growth (Madison, Wisc., 1986), 124–26; Frederick Merk, Slavery and the Annexation of Texas (New York, 1972), 61–68, 85–92, 117–20.
86. William Harper, Memoir on Slavery (Charleston, S.C., 1838); O’Brien, Conjectures of Order , II, 946–59.
87. See Eugene Genovese, The World the Slaveholders Made (New York, 1969), 118–244; O’Brien, Conjectures of Order , II, 972–91.
88. Reginald Horsman, Josiah Nott (Baton Rouge, 1987), 81–103, quotation (“defective”) from 88. See also George Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind (Middletown, Conn., 1971), 78–82.
1. Van Buren told this story on himself: Autobiography , ed. John Fitzpatrick (Washington, 1920), 199.
2. Quotations from Major Wilson, The Presidency of Martin Van Buren (Lawrence, Kans., 1984), 37; Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years View (New York, 1857), I, 735.
3. Donald Cole, Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (Princeton, 1984), 223–24.
4. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel , ed. Daniel Feller (1838; Armonk, N.Y., 2000), 25. On the role of personal honor in the politics of the early republic, see Joanne Freeman, Affairs of Honor (New Haven, 2001).
5. Autobiography , 125.
6. Quoted in Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (Berkeley, 1970), 250.
7. Both Brown and Johnson were Baptists who, like many others of that faith, distrusted efforts to remake the world and especially those enlisting cooperation between church and state. See Richard R. John, “Hiland Hall’s Report on Incendiary Publications,” American Journal of Legal History 41 (1997): 94–125.
8. Thomas Brown, “The Miscegenation of Richard Mentor Johnson as an Issue,” Civil War History 39 (1993): 5–30; Wilson, Presidency of Van Buren , 16; Cole, Martin Van Buren , 267.
9. Quotation from John Bell, speech at Nashville in July 1835, rpt. in Arthur Schlesinger Jr. et al., eds., History of American Presidential Elections (New York, 1971), I, 639.
10. Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (New York, 1999), 38–45. Harrison’s statement of principles is printed in Schlesinger et al., History of American Presidential Elections , I, 608–13.
11. Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game (New York, 1982), 166–74; William Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery (Baton Rouge, 1978), 54–58.
12. For example, Samuel Southard to Joseph Randolph, Dec. 30, 1835, cited in Michael Birkner, Samuel L. Southard (London, 1984), 164.
13. Holt, Rise and Fall of Whig Party , 45.
14. Joel Silbey, “Election of 1836,” in Schlesinger et al., History of American Presidential Elections , I, 577–600.
15. John Quincy Adams to Charles Upham, Feb. 2, 1837, “Ten Unpublished Letters of John Quincy Adams,” Huntington Library Quarterly 4 (1941): 383.
16. Marquis James, Andrew Jackson (New York, 1937), 430.
17. Martin Van Buren to Thomas Ritchie, Jan. 13, 1827, Van Buren Papers, microfilm ed., ser. 2, reel 7.
18. See Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote (New York, 2000), 26–52, 67–76.