75. “Indian Removal Act,” Documents of United States Indian Policy , ed. Francis Prucha (Lincoln, Neb., 2000), 52–53.
76. Richard Latner, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Athens, Ga., 1979), 91.
77. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia , 30 U.S. (5 Peters) 1–80 (1831).
78. Cole, Presidency of Jackson , 111.
79. Annie Heloise Abel, History of Events Resulting in Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi River (Washington, 1908), 397.
80. Ann O. Worcester to David Greene, Dec. 7, 1831, and May 17, 1832, and other ms. correspondence in Houghton Library, Harvard Univ., reproduced on the website Women and Social Movements in the United States , ed. Kathryn Sklar and Thomas Dublin.
81. Worcester v. Georgia , 31 U.S. (6 Peters) 515–97 (1832). Dealing with the “right of discovery” posed a serious problem for Marshall because of an earlier decision of his that accepted it, Johnson v. M’Intosh (1823). For legal analyses see Banner, How the Indians Lost Their Land , esp. 220–21; and Robertson, Conquest by Law , esp. 133–35.
82. Lindsay Robertson, “Justice Henry Baldwin’s ‘Lost Opinion’ in Worcester v. Georgia ,” Journal of Supreme Court History 23 (1999): 50–75.
83. Fred S. Rolater, “The American Indian and the Origin of the Second American Party System,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 76 (1993): 180–201.
84. See Pamela Baker, “The Washington National Road Bill,” JER 22 (2002): 438–64; Latner, Presidency of Jackson , 94, 102.
85. Quoted in Edward Channing, History of the United States (New York, 1921), V, 397.
86. “Veto Message” (May 27, 1830), Presidential Messages , II, 483–93. Jackson and his party are interpreted as a popular movement opposed to market capitalism in Sellers, Market Revolution . For an interpretation better grounded in evidence, see John Lauritz Larson, Internal Improvement (Chapel Hill, 2001).
87. Quoted in Sellers, Market Revolution , 316.
88. Martin Van Buren to Thomas Ritchie, Jan. 13, 1827, discussed above on 279–80.
89. U.S. Senate Library, Presidential Vetoes (Washington, 1979), 5.
90. Cole, Presidency of Jackson , 67; Carlton Jackson, “The Internal Improvement Vetoes of Andrew Jackson,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 25 (1966): 261–80, statistics on 266.
91. As explained in Daniel Feller, The Public Lands in Jacksonian Politics (Madison, Wisc., 1984), 136–42.
92. Jackson, “First Annual Message,” 443. Although contained in a message to Congress, these words were written with an overseas audience in mind.
93. See John Belohlavek, “Let the Eagle Soar”: The Foreign Policy of Andrew Jackson (Lincoln, Neb., 1985), 53–60.
94. Hugh Soulsby, The Right of Search and the Slave Trade (Baltimore, 1933), 41–46; Philip Hamer, “Great Britain, the United States, and the Negro Seamen Acts,” Journal of Southern History 1 (1935): 3–28.
95. William Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996), 74–77.
96. Belohlavek, “Let the Eagle Soar,” 101–25; William Weeks, “Economic Sources of American Foreign Policy in the Early Republic,” paper presented to the Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations, June 1994.
97. The classic discussion of such ambivalent feelings is Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion (Stanford, 1957).
98. Watson, Liberty and Power , 135.
99. Quoted in Feller, Public Lands , 136.
100. Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads (New York, 1960), 268.
2. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, Dec. 1827, quoted in Daniel Feller, The Public Lands in Jacksonian Politics (Madison, Wisc., 1984), 92; James Henretta, “The ‘Market’ in the Early Republic,” JER 18 (1998): 289–304.
4. Robert Dalzell, Daniel Webster and the Trial of American Nationalism (Boston, 1973), 3.
5. Webster is quoted in Merrill Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York, 1987), 173–74; Cooper is quoted in William Freehling, Prelude to Civil War (New York, 1965), 130.
6. Register of Debates , 21st Cong., 1st sess. (Jan. 25, 1830), 43–58, quotations from 46, 48, 58.
7. See Harlow Sheidley, “The Webster-Hayne Debate,” New England Quarterly 67 (1994): 5–29; Peter Parish, “Daniel Webster, New England, and the West,” JAH 54 (1967): 524–49.
8. “Second Reply to Hayne (Published Version),” Papers of Daniel Webster: Speeches and Formal Writings , ed. Charles M. Wiltse (Hanover, N.H., 1986), I, 347–48.
9. As the author remembers from East Denver High School in the 1950s.
10. Hayne, quoted in Peterson, Great Triumvirate , 179; Lincoln, quoted in David Donald, Lincoln (New York, 1995), 270. See also William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee (Cambridge, Mass., 1961, rpt. 1979), 109; Maurice Baxter, One and Inseparable: Daniel Webster and the Union (Cambridge, Mass., 1984), 188.
11. Feller, Public Lands , 132–33.
12. Remini, Jackson , II, 233–36; John Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union (Baton Rouge, 1988), 173. Before publication, Jackson consented to having the word “federal” reinserted into his toast.
13. See Thomas Govan, Nicholas Biddle (Chicago, 1959).
14. See Peter Temin, The Jacksonian Economy (New York, 1969), 44–58; Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1957), 300–325, corrected in some respects by Richard Timberlake, Origins of Central Banking in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), 27–41.
15. Albert Gallatin, Considerations on the Currency and Banking System (Philadelphia, 1831); Glyndon Van Deusen, The Jacksonian Era (New York, 1959), 63.
16. Jackson to Biddle, Nov. 1829, quoted in Ralph Catterall, The Second Bank of the United States (Chicago, 1902), 184.
17. Presidential Messages , II, 462, 529.
18. Quoted in Hammond, Banks and Politics , 297.
19. Benton quoted in Walter Buckingham Smith, Economic Aspects of the Second Bank of the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), 234; Kendall quoted in Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York, 1991), 322–23.
20. Quoted in Govan, Nicholas Biddle , 170.
21. See Donald Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Lawrence, Kans., 1993), 95–100.
22. The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren , ed. John Fitzpatrick (Washington, 1920), 463–64.
23. Remini, Jackson , II, 349–50; Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years View (New York, 1854), I, 219, 215.
24. Quoted in Louis Masur, 1831: Year of Eclipse (New York, 2001), 141.
25. The biographer who has studied Jackson the most thoroughly, Robert Remini, supports this view. Andrew Jackson and the Bank War (New York, 1967), 75–77. On the other hand, Sean Wilentz has recently argued the viability of McLane’s hopes for a compromise recharter. The Rise of American Democracy (New York, 2005), 367–68.
26. Jean Wilburn, Biddle’s Bank: The Crucial Years (New York, 1967); John McFaul, The Politics of Jacksonian Finance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1972), 16–57.
27. Van Buren, Autobiography , 625.
28. Remini, Jackson , II, 365.
29. Catterall, Second Bank , 508.
30. The veto message is in Presidential Messages , II, 576–91.
31. See Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston, 1945), 90.