88. Leonard Richards, “The Jacksonians and Slavery,” Antislavery Reconsidered , ed. Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman (Baton Rouge, 1979), 101.
89. E.g., Robin Einhorn, “Institutional Reality in the Age of Slavery: Taxation and Democracy in the States,” Journal of Policy History 18 (2006): 21–43.
90. Thomas B. Stevenson, quoted in Peter Knupfer, The Union as It Is (Chapel Hill, 1991), 156.
91. See Richard John, “Governmental Institutions as Agents of Change,” Studies in American Political Development 11 (1997): 347–80.
1. Words from “A Model of Christian Charity,” John Winthrop’s famous address to the settlers aboard the Arbella in 1630. I have modernized his spelling. Winthrop was invoking Matthew 5:14.
2. Brooks Holifield, Theology in America (New Haven, 2003), 77, 123. See also Ruth Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756–1800 (Cambridge, Eng., 1985).
3. William Ellery Channing, Works (Boston, 1888), 427–28.
4. The word “chiliasm” is derived from the Greek word for thousand, as “millennium” is derived from the Latin one.
5. Sprague’s Fourth of July address in 1827 is quoted in Jonathan Sassi, A Republic of Righteousness (New York, 2001), 150.
6. Quotation from Lyman Beecher, A Plea for Colleges (Cincinnati, 1836), 11; Fred Hood, Reformed America: The Middle and Southern States (University, Ala., 1980), 68–87.
7. Charles Finney, Lectures on Revivals of Religion , ed. William McLoughlin (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 306. On another occasion he supposedly said three months : Paul Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium (New York, 1978), 3–4.
8. Quotations from J. Q. Adams in Daniel Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago, 1979), 59.
9. Francis Wayland, The Duties of an American Citizen (Boston, 1825), quotations from 19, 34, 44.
10. James Moorhead, World Without End: Mainstream American Protestant Visions of the Last Things (Bloomington, 1999), 2.
11. Quoted in Sidney Mead, The Lively Experiment: The Shaping of Christianity in America (New York, 1963), 90.
12. The Millerite calculations are contextualized and explained in Paul Conkin, American Originals: Homemade Varieties of Christianity (Chapel Hill, 1997), 111–21.
13. Ernest Sandeen, Roots of Fundamentalism (Chicago, 1970), 18–20.
14. Catherine Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740–1845 (Chapel Hill, 1998), 318–29. Quotation from Michael Barkun, Crucible of the Millennium (Syracuse, N.Y., 1986), 128.
15. See David Rowe, “Millerites,” in The Disappointed: Millerism and Millenarianism , ed. Ronald Numbers and Jonathan Butler (Bloomington, 1987), 1–15; Richard Rogers, “Millennialism and American Culture,” Comparative Social Research 13 (1991): 105–36. Estimating the number of Miller’s followers is very difficult because they did not yet belong to a separate denomination.
16. Conkin, American Originals , 121.
17. See Everett Dick, “The Millerite Movement,” in Adventism in America , ed. Gary Land (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1986), 1–35.
18. For their later history, see Douglas Morgan, Adventism and the American Republic (Knoxville, Tenn., 2001).
19. Charles Dana, quoted in Barkun, Crucible of the Millennium , 67.
20. J.F.C. Harrison, Quest for the New Moral World (New York, 1969), 84, 92–102.
21. Donald Pitzer, “The New Moral World of Robert Owen,” in America’s Communal Utopias , ed. Donald Pitzer (Chapel Hill, 1997), 96.
22. Quoted in Mark Holloway, Heavens on Earth (London, 1951), 104.
23. Carol Kolmerten, Women in Utopia (Bloomington, 1990), 90–101; Arthur Bestor, Backwoods Utopias (Philadelphia, 1970), 199–200.
24. Janet Hermann, Pursuit of a Dream (New York, 1981), 3–34.
25. Quotation from Albert Brisbane, The Social Destiny of Man (Philadelphia, 1840), 78. See also Dolores Hayden, Seven American Utopias (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).
26. See Carl Guarneri, The Utopian Alternative: Fourierism in Nineteenth-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y., 1991), esp. 176–77, 264.
27. Carl Guarneri, “Brook Farm and the Fourierist Phalanxes,” in Pitzer, America’s Communal Utopias , 174.
28. Feller, Jacksonian Promise , 83.
29. See J.F.C. Harrison, The Second Coming (New Brunswick, N.J., 1979), 164–76; Suzanne Thurman, “O Sisters Ain’t You Happy?” Gender, Family and Community Among the Shakers (Syracuse, N.Y., 2002).
30. Stephen Stein, The Shaker Experience in America (New Haven, 1992), 87–89, 114.
33. Karl Arndt, “George Rapp’s Harmony Society,” in Pitzer, America’s Communal Utopias , 57–87.
34. Jonathan Andelson, “The Community of True Inspiration from Germany to the Amana Colonies,” ibid., 181–203.
35. See Mary Todd, Authority Vested: Identity and Change in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2000).
36. On Seton, see Ann Boylan, The Origins of Women’s Activism (Chapel Hill, 2002), 101–9, 118–24; Kathleen D. McCarthy, American Creed: Philanthropy and the Rise of Civil Society (Chicago, 2003), 68–74. For Hecker, see Hecker Studies , ed. John Farina (New York, 1983).
37. See Sandeen, Roots of Fundamentalism , 9–13.
38. “Ararat Proclamation and Speech” (1825); “Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews” (1844), “Address to Aid in the Erection of the Temple at Jerusalem” (1849), in Selected Writings of Mordecai Noah , ed. Michael Schuldiner and Daniel Kleinfeld (Westport, Conn., 1999), 105–59.
39. See Paul Johnson and Sean Wilentz, The Kingdom of Matthias (New York, 1994).
40. Michael Barkun, “John Humphrey Noyes and the Rise of Millerism,” in Numbers and Butler, The Disappointed , 153–72.
41. Quoted in Lawrence Foster, Religion and Sexuality: Three American Communal Experiments of the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1981), 94.
42. Spencer Klaw, Without Sin: The Life and Death of the Oneida Community (New York, 1993), 177.
43. Pierrepont Noyes, My Father’s House (New York, 1937), 17.
44. The Amanans are sometimes confused with the Amish and the Hutterites.
45. Anne Loveland, “Lafayette’s Farewell Tour,” in Stanley Idzerda et al., Lafayette, Hero of Two Worlds (New York, 1989), 63–90.
46. Quotations from the account of Lafayette’s visit in Fred Somkin, Unquiet Eagle (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), 131–74.
47. Quoted in Harlow Unger, Lafayette (New York, 2002), 357.
48. G.W.F. Hegel, Introduction to the Philosophy of History , trans. Leo Rauch (Indianapolis, 1988), 90. Hegel died in 1831; this work was first published posthumously in 1840.
49. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America , ed. Phillips Bradley, trans. Henry Reeve and Francis Bowen (New York, 1945), I, 14.
50. Ibid., 3, 258, 278, 186, 404–5.
51. Ibid., 306.
52. Ibid., 398. Tocqueville admired the Puritan millennial historian Cotton Mather (ibid., II, 345–48).
53. Ibid., I, 289.
54. Gustave de Beaumont, Marie , trans. Barbara Chapman (Stanford, 1958); see also Louis Masur, 1831 (New York, 2001), 40–46.
55. Harriet Martineau, Society in America (London, 1837), III, 179–205.
56. Ibid., I, 193–207.
57. Ibid., III, 299–300.
58. For a sensitive analysis of their relationship, see Celia Eckhardt, Fanny Wright: Rebel in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1984), 71–77.
59. Lloyd Kramer, Lafayette in Two Worlds (Chapel Hill, 1996), 160–63.
60. Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans , ed. Donald Smalley (New York, 1949), 27.