28. See Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads (New York, 1966); John Lauritz Larson, “Jefferson’s Union and the Problem of Internal Improvements,” in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Peter Onuf (Charlottesville, 1993), 340–69.
29. Joseph S. Wood, “The Idea of a National Road,” in The National Road , ed. Karl Raitz (Baltimore, 1996), 93–122.
30. Donald G. Morgan, Justice William Johnson (Columbia, S.C., 1954), 122–25.
31. See John Majewski, A House Dividing: Economic Development in Pennsylvania and Virginia Before the Civil War (New York, 2000), 49–58.
32. George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution (New York, 1966), 142.
33. Brooke Hindle, Emulation and Invention (New York, 1981), 25–57; Feller, Jacksonian Promise , 24; Thomas Clark and John Guice, Frontiers in Conflict (Albuquerque, N.M., 1989), 258.
34. Sellers, Market Revolution , 132.
35. Diary of Philip Hone , ed. Bayard Tuckerman (New York, 1889), entry for May 22, 1837, I, 260.
36. Ruth Cowan, Social History of American Technology (New York, 1997), 111; Harry Scheiber, “The Transportation Revolution and American Law,” in Transportation and the Early Nation (Indianapolis, 1982), 15–16.
37. Robert Post, Technology, Transport, and Travel in American History (Washington, 2003), 18–20; Stephen Fox, Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard and the Great Atlantic Steamships (New York, 2003), xii, 6.
38. William Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996), 67; William Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York, 1986), 231–46; Lance Davis, Robert Gallman and Karin Gleiter, In Pursuit of Leviathan (Chicago, 1997).
39. Philip Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1770 (London, 1974), 13.
40. Noticed by Michel Chevalier, who included much information on the transportation revolution in his Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States , trans. T. Bradford (Boston, 1839), 272.
41. See Nathan Miller, The Enterprise of a Free People: Economic Development in New York during the Canal Period (Ithaca, 1962).
42. Feller, Jacksonian Promise, 17–18; Ronald Shaw, Erie Water West: A History of the Erie Canal (Lexington, Ky., 1966), 184–92; Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 155.
43. Ronald Shaw, Canals for a Nation (Lexington, Ky., 1990), 42, 49.
44. Shaw, Erie Water West , 263.
45. Republican Advocate , Nov. 5, 1825, quoted in Carol Sheriff, The Artificial River (New York, 1996), 3; Donald Parkerson, The Agricultural Transition in New York State (Ames, Iowa, 1995), 10.
46. Parkerson, Transition , 146; Mary Patricia Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York (New York, 1981).
47. See Douglas North, The Economic Growth of the United States (New York, 1961), 102–11.
48. These and other reports are quoted in Shaw, Canals for a Nation , 178–86.
49. Andrew Cayton, Frontier Republic: Ohio, 1780–1825 (Kent, Ohio, 1986), x. See also R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier (Bloomington, 1996), 388–96.
50. Larson, Internal Improvement , 86.
51. Julius Rubin, “An Imitative Public Improvement,” in Canals and American Development , ed. Carter Goodrich et al. (New York, 1961), 67–114.
52. Ronald Shaw, “Canals in the Early Republic,” JER 4 (1984): 117–42; William Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life (Knoxville, Tenn., 1989), 110; Gary Nash et al., The American People , 3rd ed. (New York, 1994), 350.
53. Nathaniel Macon to Bartlett Yancey, April 15, 1818, quoted in Larson, Internal Improvement , 105; Macon to Yancey, March 8, 1818, in James Sprunt Historical Monographs , no. 2 (Chapel Hill, 1900), 49; John Randolph in the House of Representatives (1824), quoted in Larson, Internal Improvement , 143.
54. Shaw, Canals for a Nation , 43.
55. Taylor, Transportation Revolution , 145; Allan R. Pred, Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information, 1790–1840 (Cambridge, Mass., 1973), 31, 36–48.
56. Pred, Urban Growth , 13.
57. Conference on “Risk and Reputation: Insecurity in the Early American Economy” at the Library Company of Philadelphia (2002).
58. See Robert Wright, The Wealth of Nations Rediscovered (Cambridge, Eng., 2002), 18–25.
59. See Richard John, “American Historians and the Concept of the Communications Revolution,” in Information Acumen , ed. Lisa Bud-Frierman (London, 1994), 98–110.
60. Harry Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York, 1990), 26; Richard John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 3–5, 50–52.
61. Quotations from Richard John, “The Politics of Innovation,” Daedalus 127 (1998), 188–89.
62. John, Spreading the News , 108.
63. Ibid., 90–98; John, “Politics of Innovation,” 194.
64. Richard Kielbowicz, News in the Mail (Westport, Conn., 1989), 3, 71; Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 100.
65. Ronald Zboray, A Fictive People (New York, 1993), 9–11; William Huntzicker, The Popular Press (Westport, Conn., 1999), 165. On papermaking, see Judith McGaw, Most Wonderful Machine (Princeton, 1987).
66. Bernard Weisberger, The American Newspaperman (Chicago, 1961), 70; John, Spreading the News , 41.
67. On this subject, see Michael Schudson, “News, Public, Nation,” AHR 107 (2002): 481–95; Richard D. Brown, The Strength of a People: The Idea of an Informed Citizenry (Chapel Hill, 1996).
68. Gerald Baldasty, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison, Wisc., 1992), 11–35; Menahem Blondheim, News over the Wires (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 25; Huntzicker, Popular Press , 1–6.
69. Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution , 100–101.
70. John, Spreading the News , 162–64, 173, 178, 201; John G. West, The Politics of Revelation and Reason (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 137–70. For more, see Wayne Fuller, Morality and the Mail in Nineteenth-Century America (Urbana, Ill., 2003).
71. Candy Gunther Brown, The Word in the World: Evangelical Writing, Publishing, and Reading (Chapel Hill, 2004), esp. 155; Leonard Sweet, ed., Communication and Change in American Religious History (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1993); David Nord, Evangelical Origins of Mass Media in America (Columbia, S.C., 1984).
72. Ronald Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts, 1790s–1840s (New York, 1983), 16.
73. See Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital (Philadelphia, 1996).
74. Michael Bell, “Conditions of Literary Vocation,” in The Cambridge History of American Literature , ed. Sacvan Bercovitch (Cambridge, Eng., 1995), II, 13–17; William Charvat, Literary Publishing in America, 1790–1850 (Philadelphia, 1959).
75. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life , 205.
76. See Bell, “Conditions of Literary Vocation,” 17–24; Ralph Aderman, ed., Critical Essays on Washington Irving (Boston, 1990).
77. See Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town (New York, 1995); Henry Nash Smith, introduction to James Fenimore Cooper, The Prairie (New York, 1950) v–xxi; Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence (Middletown, Conn., 1974), 466–513.
78. Mary Kelley, ed., The Power of Her Sympathy: The Autobiography and Journal of Catharine Maria Sedgwick (Boston, 1993); David Reynolds, Faith in Fiction (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 50–55.
79. John Mack Faragher, Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend (New York, 1992).
80. Gibbons v. Ogden , 22 U.S. (9 Wheaton) 1 (1824); Taylor, Transportation Revolution , 56–69.