15. See Joan Cashin, A Family Venture: Men and Women on the Southern Frontier (New York, 1991).
16. Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 161.
17. Gates, Farmer’s Age, 122–24; David J. Libby, “Plantation and Frontier: Slavery in Mississippi, 1720–1835” (Ph.D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1997), 113–17; Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 342–44.
18. See Gavin Wright, The Political Economy of the Cotton South (New York, 1978), esp. 70–71; Usner, “American Indians on the Cotton Frontier,” 305, 308; John Hebron Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom in the Old Southwest (Baton Rouge, 1988), 140–55.
19. “Autobiography of Gideon Lincecum,” summarized in Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier , 200–203. See also Bradley G. Bond, “Herders, Farmers, and Markets on the Inner Frontier,” in Plain Folk of the South Revisited , ed. Samuel C. Hyde Jr. (Baton Rouge, 1997), 73–99.
20. Johnson Hooper, Some Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs (Philadelphia, 1850, c. 1845), 12.
21. The classic account of the importance of cotton to the American economy is Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790–1860 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1961); data on 75–76. On the international importance of cotton, see also Sven Beckert, “Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production,” AHR 109 (2004): 1405–38.
22. Quoted in Sally and David Dugan, The Day the World Took Off: The Roots of the Industrial Revolution (London, 2000), 19.
23. Robert F. Dalzell Jr., Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), 5–6.
24. See Elizabeth David, Harvest of the Cold Months (London, 1994), 76, 255–64; Carl Seaburg and Stanley Paterson, The Ice King: Frederic Tudor and His Friends (Mystic, Conn., 2003).
25. Theodore Steinberg, Nature Incorporated: Industrialization and the Waters of New England (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), 38–46, 59–76.
26. On the importance of women as a source of cheap labor, see Claudia Goldin and Kenneth Sokoloff, “The Relative Productivity Hypothesis of Industrialization,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 99 (1984): 461–87.
27. Thomas Dublin, Lowell: The Story of an Industrial City (Washington, 1992), 30–40; Edward Everett, “Fourth of July at Lowell” (1830), Orations and Speeches (Boston, 1850), I, 47–66.
28. Walter Licht, Industrializing America: The Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, 1995), 22–26; Dalzell, Enterprising Elite , 77–78, 225–31.
29. See David Jeremy, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Philip Scranton, Proprietary Capitalism (Cambridge, Eng., 1983); Anthony F. C. Wallace, Rockdale (New York, 1978).
30. Jonathan Prude, The Coming of Industrial Order (Cambridge, Eng., 1983); Barbara M. Tucker, Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984).
31. Franc¸ois Weil, “Capitalism and Industrialization in New England,” JAH 84 (1998): 1334–54; Alfred Chandler, The Visible Hand (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 60.
32. See R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier (Bloomington, 1996); Andrew Cayton, Frontier Indiana (Bloomington, 1996); James E. Davis, Frontier Illinois (Bloomington, 1998).
33. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, 1960), I, 24–37.
34. Nicole Etcheson, The Emerging Midwest: Upland Southerners and the Old Northwest (Bloomington, 1996), 5. There are also other theories for the origin of the name.
35. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York, 1995), 24; Cayton, Frontier Indiana , 187–93; Davis, Frontier Illinois , 165–68.
36. Richard Steckel, “The Economic Foundations of East-West Migration,” Explorations in Economic History 20 (1983): 14–36; John Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, 1986), 62–63.
39. See also Susan Gray, The Yankee West (Chapel Hill, 1996); Richard Lyle Power, Planting Corn Belt Culture (Indianapolis, 1953).
40. Thomas Ford, History of Illinois…1818–1847 , ed. Milo Quaife (1857; Chicago, 1945), II, 90.
41. Meinig, Continental America , 281.
42. Andrew Cayton and Peter Onuf, The Midwest and the Nation (Bloomington, 1990), 27; Donald Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, Ohio, 1998), 219.
43. OED .
44. John Mayfield, The New Nation, 1800–1845 (New York, 1982), 59; Arlie Schorger, The Passenger Pigeon (Madison, Wisc., 1955), 199–230.
45. Quoted in Frederick Jackson Turner, Rise of the New West, 1819–1829 (New York, 1906), 79–80.
46. Richard Lee Mason, 1819, quoted in Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier , 165–66.
47. Donald, Lincoln , 25–28.
48. See Malcolm Rohrbough, The Land Office Business (New York, 1968), and Wright, Political Economy of the Cotton South.
49. Quotations from Kulikoff, Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism , 218. See also Faragher, Sugar Creek , 51–52.
50. George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism (New York, 1965), 73–74. See further Clyde Haulman, “Virginia Commodity Prices During the Panic of 1819,” JER 22 (2002): 675–88.
51. Murray Rothbard, The Panic of 1819 (New York, 1962), 11–17; North, Economic Growth of the U.S. , 182–88; Ratcliffe, Party Spirit , 224.
52. David Lehman, “Explaining Hard Times: The Panic of 1819 in Philadelphia” (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1992), 28.
54. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York, 1991), 137.
55. William Gouge, quoted in George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (New York, 1952), 187.
56. Mark Killenbeck, M’Culloch v. Maryland (Lawrence, Kans., 2006), 90–94, 184–90. The court reporter misspelled M’Culloh’s name, and so have most historians. The spelling “McCulloch” having become common, I use it to refer to the Supreme Court case but not to the person.
57. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 316–437 (1819); Bernard Schwartz, History of the Supreme Court (New York, 1993), 45–47; Charles Hobson, The Great Chief Justice (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 116–24.
58. Cayton, Frontier Republic , 132; Ratcliffe, Party Spirit , 225–27; Osborn v. Bank of the United States , 23 U.S. (9 Wheaton) 738 (1824).
59. Harold Plous and Gordon Baker, “McCulloch v. Maryland: Right Principle, Wrong Case,” Stanford Law Review 9 (1957), 710–30; G. Edward White, The Marshall Court and Cultural Change (New York, 1988), 238–40, 544–66; Saul Cornell, The Other Founders (Chapel Hill, 1999), 278–88.
60. 17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 122 (1819); Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise (Baltimore, 1995), 40–45; Sellers, Market Revolution , 164–71.
61. See Lynn Turner, “Elections of 1816 and 1820,” in History of American Presidential Elections , ed. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. (New York, 1985), I, 316–19.
62. After the Panic of 1873, the opposition Democrats won the popular vote in the election of 1876, although the Republicans retained the White House as a result of the Compromise of 1877.
63. Annals of Congress , 15th Cong., 2nd sess., 1170; Freehling, Secessionists at Bay , 144.
64. Glover Moore, The Missouri Controversy (Lexington, Ky., 1953), 41; Annals of Congress , 15th Cong., 2nd sess., 1204.
65. Roger Ransom, Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery (Cambridge, Eng., 1989), 42–47; Ulrich B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery , intro. by Eugene Genovese (New York, 1969), 370–71.
66. Thomas Jefferson to John W. Eppes, June 30, 1820, quoted in Steven Deyle, “Origins of the Domestic Slave Trade,” JER 12 (Spring 1992): 51.
67. Quoted in Harry Ammon, James Monroe (Charlottesville, Va., 1990), 455. Roane misspelled the word as “damned,” which looks like a Freudian slip.