61. Dickens’s term: Charles Dickens, American Notes (1842; Boston, 1867), 211.
62. Tocqueville to Abbé Lesueur, May 28, 1831, quoted in George Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York, 1938), 90.
63. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel , ed. Daniel Feller (London, 2000), 24; Trollope, Domestic Manners , 16, 18, 58, 421–23.
64. Marcus Cunliffe, “Frances Trollope,” in Abroad in America , ed. Marc Pachter (Reading, Mass., 1976), 40.
65. Trollope, Domestic Manners , 108, 81.
66. Fanny Kemble’s Journals , ed. Catherine Clinton (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), quotation from 111.
67. Somkin, Unquiet Eagle , 170–72.
68. The Papers of Joseph Smith , ed. Dean Jessee (Salt Lake City, 1989), I, 7. This record dates from 1832; the vision allegedly occurred in 1820, when Joseph was fifteen years old.
69. See Grant Underwood, The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism (Urbana, Ill., 1993).
70. See John Brooke, The Refiner’s Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), esp. 152–53.
71. Niles’ Register 33 (Dec. 1, 1827): 218.
72. For Mormon accounts of this, see Richard Bushman, Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism (Urbana, Ill., 1984), 43–114; Tyrrel Givens, By the Hand of Mormon (New York, 2002), 19–42. Urim and Thummim are mentioned in the Bible, e.g., Exodus 28:30.
73. The leading Mormon historian Richard Bushman, if I understand him correctly, credits the prophet’s literary skills as well as his divine inspiration; see his Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York, 2005), 71–74, 291–92.
74. Alexander Campbell, Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon (Boston, 1832), with a preface by Joshua Himes, William Miller’s future promoter. Another influential early critique was Eber D. Howe, Mormonism Unvailed [ sic ] (Painesville, Ohio, 1834).
75. Bushman, Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism , 184; see also Brooke, Refiner’s Fire , and Michael Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View (Salt Lake City, 1987).
76. See Marvin Hill, “The Rise of Mormonism in the Burned-Over District,” New York History 61 (1980): 411–30, esp. 426–27.
77. St. John Stott, “New Jerusalem Abandoned: The Failure to Carry Mormonism to the Delaware,” Journal of American Studies 21 (1987): 71–85.
78. “The Book of Mormon is a record of the forefathers of our western Tribes of Indians,” he declared in a letter to N. C. Saxton, Jan. 4, 1833. Dean Jessee, ed., Personal Writings of Joseph Smith , rev. ed. (Salt Lake City, 2002), 297.
79. A Methodist Pequot espoused the theory in his 1829 autobiography rpt. as William Apess, On Our Own Ground , ed. Barry Connell (Amherst, Mass., 1992), 53, 74–94. Joseph Smith may have been familiar with Views of the Hebrews; or, The Ten Tribes of Israel in America (Poultney, Vt., 1823), by Ethan Smith (no relation).
80. 2 Nephi 30:6, to employ the Mormon method of citing their scriptures. In 1981, the LDS Church declared that the phrase “white and delightsome” should read “pure and delightsome,” and subsequent editions of the Book of Mormon show it thus.
82. Quoted in Stephen LeSueur, The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1987), 152. Several days later Governor Boggs reaffirmed the order, again using the word “exterminate” (ibid., 230).
83. Ibid., 238–39.
84. J. P. Kiersch, “Millennium and Millennialism,” The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1907–1914), X, 307–10; R. Kuchner, “Millenarianism,” The New Catholic Encyclopedia (Washington, 2003), IX, 633–37.
85. For more on the contrast between Catholicism and Protestantism in nineteenth-century America, see John McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom (New York, 2003).
86. Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” The Literary Guide to the Bible , ed. Robert Alter and Frank Kermode (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), 523–41; Bloch, Visionary Republic (cited in n. 2), esp. 5–10.
87. Brooks Holifield, “Oral Debate in American Religion,” Church History 67 (1998), 499–520; Jay Dolan, In Search of American Catholicism (Oxford, 2002), 61.
88. Lyman Beecher, “A Plea for the West” (1835), rpt. in The American Whigs , ed. Daniel Howe (New York, 1973), 144.
89. Benjamin Blied, Austrian Aid to American Catholics, 1830–1860 (Milwaukee, 1944); Kenneth Silverman, Lightning Man (New York, 2003), 139–42; Samuel F. B. Morse, Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States Through Foreign Immigration (1835; New York, 1969), quotation from 23.
90. Charles Frothingham, The Convent’s Doom , quoted in Jenny Franchot, Roads to Rome (Berkeley, 1994), 142.
91. See Nancy Schultz, Fire and Roses: The Burning of the Charlestown Convent (New York, 2000); and three articles by Daniel Cohen: “The Respectability of Rebecca Reed,” JER 16 (1996), 419–62; “Alvah Kelley’s Cow,” New England Quarterly 74 (2001): 531–79; and “Passing the Torch,” JER 24 (2004): 527–86.
92. Census of 1830, United States Historical Census Data Browser http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census (viewed May 11, 2007).
93. Confessions of Nat Turner…fully and voluntarily made to Thos. C. Gray (1831; Petersburg, Va., 1881), 6, 10, 11.
94. See Herbert Aptheker, Nat Turner’s Slave Rebellion (New York, 1966); and Stephen Oates, The Fires of Jubilee (New York, 1975).
95. Quotation from Vincent Harding, There Is a River (New York, 1981), 95. Estimates of the total number of white victims range from fifty-five to sixty-three.
96. John Hampden Pleasants, quoted in Eric Foner, Nat Turner (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971), 16.
97. Casualties on both sides of this race war can only be estimated. Many of the sources relating to the uprising have disappeared from the archives. See Mary Kemp Davis, Nat Turner Before the Bar of Judgment (Baton Rouge, 1999), 55–61.
98. Confessions of Nat Turner , 11.
99. Oates, Fires of Jubilee , 136–38.
100. See Alison Freehling, Drift Toward Dissolution: The Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831–32 (Baton Rouge, 1982); and W. Freehling, Secessionists at Bay , 178–96.
1. Andrew Jackson, Dec. 24, 1828, quoted in Remini, Jackson , II, 154.
2. Donald Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Lawrence, Kans., 1993), 33.
3. See Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “Andrew Jackson’s Honor,” JER 17 (1997): 1–36. Psychological interpretations of Jackson’s irascible temperament are offered in Andrew Burstein, The Passions of Andrew Jackson (New York, 2003) and James C. Curtis, Andrew Jackson and the Search for Vindication (Boston, 1976).
4. Curtis, Andrew Jackson and the Search for Vindication , 136; Robert Gudmestad, A Troublesome Commerce (Baton Rouge, 2003), 147–52.
5. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, Dec. 29, 1813, Papers of Andrew Jackson , ed. Harold Moser et al. (Nashville, Tenn., 1984), II, 516. The boy was named Lyncoya.
6. Nashville Tennessee Gazette , Sept. 26, 1804, rpt. in Plantation and Frontier , ed. Ulrich Phillips (New York, 1910), II, 86–87.
7. Remini, Jackson , I, 408.
8. Related in Peter Cartwright, Autobiography , ed. Charles Wallis (1856; New York, 1956), 134.
9. Remini, Jackson , II, 7, 346.
10. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York, 1991), 174–81, provides a sympathetic statement of how and why Jackson’s life appealed to many rural Americans. But see also Michael O’Brien, Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life and the American South, 1810–1860 (Chapel Hill, 2004), II, 836–49.
11. Presidential Messages , II, 438. Italics in the original.
12. Green’s slogan is quoted and analyzed in Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 210–11.
13. Kendall to Francis P. Blair, Feb. 14, 1829, quoted ibid., 212.
14. Henry Orne (1829), quoted in Robert Forbes, “Slavery and the Meaning of America” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1994), 522.
15. See Richard John, “Affairs of Office: The Executive Departments, the Election of 1828, and the Making of the Democratic Party,” in Democracy in America: New Directions in American Political History , ed. Julian Zelizer et al. (Princeton, 2003), 51–84. Jeffrey Pasley, Printers, Editors, and Publishers of Political Journals Elected to the U.S. Congress, 1789–1861 , found at http://www.pasleybrothers.com/newspols/images. Editors_in_Congress.pdf (viewed May 2, 2007), shows how often journalists went into electoral politics themselves.