80. John Ashworth, ‘ Agrarians’ and ‘Aristocrats’: Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837–1846 (London, 1983), 116–27.
81. John Tyler to Samuel King, April 11, 1842, printed in “The Recent Contest in Rhode Island,” North American Review 58 (1844), 398.
82. Both constitutions are reprinted in Arthur Mowry, The Dorr War (Providence, R.I., 1901), 322–46, 367–90.
83. William Gienapp, “Politics Seem to Enter into Everything,” in Essays on American Antebellum Politics , ed. Stephen Maizlish and John Kushma (College Station, Tex., 1982), table on 22.
84. Henry Clay, “Address at Lexington, Ky.” (1842), in his Works (New York, 1904), IX, 359–84.
85. Ashworth, ‘ Agrarians’ and ‘Aristocrats,’ 230. See also Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy (New York, 2005), 539–45; William Wiecek, “Popular Sovereignty in the Dorr War,” Rhode Island History 32 (1973): 35–51.
86. “The Rhode Island Government,” Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster (Boston, 1903), XI, 217–42.
87. Luther v. Borden , 48 U.S. (7 Howard) 1–88 (1849). The case involved interpreting the “republican form of government” guarantee in the U.S. Constitution. Taney ruled that enforcing the guarantee belonged to the federal executive and legislative branches, not the judiciary.
88. Dorothea Dix, Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts (Boston, 1843), 3–4.
89. Dorothea Dix, A Review of the Present Condition of the State Penitentiary of Kentucky; Printed by Order of the Legislature (Frankfort, Ky., 1846), 36.
90. This discussion of Dix draws upon that in Daniel Howe, Making the American Self (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 167–75, as well as two recent biographies: David Gollaher, Voice for the Mad (New York, 1995); and Thomas Brown, Dorothea Dix (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).
92. There is an enormous scholarly literature on this process and its ramifications; a good introduction to the subject is Paula Baker, “The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920,” AHR 89 (1984): 620–47.
93. Elizabeth Varon, We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (Chapel Hill, 1998), 71–81; quotations from A. Banning Norton, Reminiscences of the Great Revolution of 1840 (Dallas, 1888), 243, and Gunderson, Log Cabin Campaign , 136.
94. Varon, We Mean to Be Counted , 75.
95. Quotations from Gunderson, Log Cabin Campaign , 135, and Robert Dinkin, Before Equal Suffrage (Westport, Conn., 1995), 32.
96. For women’s participation in Tennessee political campaigns, both Whig and Democratic, see Jayne DeFlore, “Come and Bring the Ladies,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 51 (1991): 197–212.
97. Ronald and Mary Zboray, “Whig Women, Politics, and Culture in the Campaign of 1840,” JER 17 (1997): 277–315; Rebecca Edwards, Angels in the Machinery (New York, 1997), 19.
98. Patricia Okker lists them in Our Sister Editors (Athens, Ga., 1995), 167–220.
99. William Huntzicker, The Popular Press, 1833–1865 (Westport, Conn., 1999), 82.
100. William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee (Garden City, N.Y., 1961), 92–119.
101. See Angela Howard Zophy, “A True Woman’s Duty ‘To Do Good,’” in The Moment of Decision , ed. Randall Miller and John McKivigan (Westport, Conn., 1994), 155–72.
102. Freehling, Secessionists at Bay , 345–52.
103. I tell about the censure motion in a little more detail in The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago, 1979), 60–62.
104. Edward Magdol, The Antislavery Rank and File (Greenwood, Conn., 1986), 102–13; Leonard Richards, The Slave Power (Baton Rouge, 2000), 143–48.
105. Diary entry for Dec. 3, 1844, Memoir of John Quincy Adams , ed. Charles Francis Adams (Philadelphia, 1874–77), XII, 116.
1. David Brion Davis called attention to the parallel between Channing and Marshall in Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 49–52.
2. Channing’s address, with many other documents of early Unitarianism, is contained in An American Reformation , ed. Sydney Ahlstrom and Jonathan Carey (Middletown, Conn., 1985), 90–117; the ensuing theological debate has been reprinted in two volumes: The Unitarian Controversy , ed. Bruce Kuklick (New York, 1987).
3. Edinburgh Review 33 (Jan. 1820), 78–80.
4. William Ellery Channing, “Remarks on National Literature,” in his Complete Works (London, 1872), 103–15; Charles G. Finney, Autobiography (Westwood, N.J., 1908; [orig. pub. as Memoirs , 1876]), 356–57.
5. Channing, “Self-Culture” and “Likeness to God,” in his Complete Works, 10–29, 230–39; Daniel Howe, Making the American Self (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 130–35.
6. Amelie Kass, Midwifery and Medicine in Boston (Boston, 2002); Stuart Banner, The Death Penalty (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), 124–31; Francis Otto Matthiessen, American Renaissance (New York, 1941).
7. Ernest Freeberg, The Education of Laura Bridgman (Cambridge, Mass., 2001); Elisabeth Gitter, The Imprisoned Guest (New York, 2001).
8. M. L. Houser, The Books that Lincoln Read (Peoria, Ill., 1929). William Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life (Knoxville, Tenn., 1989), and Joseph Kett, The Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties (Stanford, 1994), 81–83, discuss Channing’s ideal of self-culture.
9. See David Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists (Westport, Conn., 1985); Anne Bressler, The Universalist Movement in America (Oxford, 2001).
10. Channing, “The Moral Argument Against Calvinism,” Complete Works , 370–78; Conrad Wright, ed., A Stream of Light (Boston, 1975), 3–61; Paul Conkin, American Originals (Chapel Hill, 1997), 57–95.
11. Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson , ed. E. W. Emerson (Boston, 1904), IX, 158; Robert A. Gross, “The Celestial Village,” in Transient and Permanent , ed. Charles Capper and Conrad E. Wright (Boston, 1999), 251–81, esp. 273–74. The usual statement that the ode was first performed on April 19, 1836, is erroneous; see Ralph Rusk, Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York, 1949), 274.
12. Mary Cayton, Emerson’s Emergence (Chapel Hill, 1989), 163–64; Gross, “Celestial Village,” 267.
14. Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals (New York, 2000); Lawrence Buell, Emerson (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 39–43.
15. Donald Scott, “The Popular Lecture and the Creation of a Public in Mid. Nineteenth-Century America,” JAH 66 (1980): 800. See further Angela Ray, The Lyceum and Public Culture in the Nineteenth-Century United States (East Lansing, Mich., 2005).
16. “Nature,” in Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson , vol. I, ed. Robert Spiller (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 7–45, quotation from 17.
17. “Divinity School Address,” in Collected Works , I, 76–93, quotation from 83; Brooks Holifield, Theology in America (New Haven, 2003), 190–96; David Holland, “Anne Hutchinson to Horace Bushnell,” New England Quarterly 8 (2005): 163–201.
18. Barbara Packer, “Transcendentalism,” in The Cambridge History of American Literature , ed. Sacvan Bercovitch (Cambridge, Eng., 1995), II, 329–604 (on miracles, see esp. 403–13); Herbert Hovenkamp, Science and Religion in America, 1800–1860 (Philadelphia, 1978), 79–96. For primary documents of the miracles debate, see Perry Miller, ed., The Transcendentalists (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), and Joel Myerson, ed., Transcendentalism (Oxford, 2001).
19. I have written on Margaret Fuller in Daniel Howe, Making the American Self (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 212–34.
20. Margaret Fuller, Woman in the Nineteenth Century , intro. Madeleine Stern (Columbia, S.C., 1980; facsimile of the 1845 ed.), 159, 162; David Robinson, “Margaret Fuller and the Transcendental Ethos,” PMLA 97 (1982): 83–98.
21. Charles Capper, Margaret Fuller, The Public Years (New York, 2007) treats the later part of her life. Fuller’s newspaper accounts of the Italian Revolution have been published as “These Sad but Glorious Days”: Dispatches from Europe , ed. Larry Reynolds and Susan Belasco Smith (New Haven, 1991).
22. Henry David Thoreau, Walden , ed. Lyndon Shanley (Princeton, 1971), quotations from 90, 4. Also see Robert D. Richardson, Thoreau (Berkeley, 1986), esp. 169–79.