19. See, for example, Jon Butler, Becoming America (Cambridge, Mass., 2000).
20. Keyssar, Right to Vote , 51–52.
21. See Richard Uviller and William Merkel, The Militia and the Right to Arms (Durham, N.C., 2002), 109–24; Richard Winders, Mr. Polk’s Army (College Station, Tex., 1997), 66–69.
22. See Richard Bensel, The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Eng., 2004), ix–xiii, 14–25; David Grimsted, American Mobbing (New York, 1998), 181–89.
23. Quoted in Charles Sellers, James K. Polk, Jacksonian (Princeton, 1957), 149.
24. See Robert Wright, The Wealth of Nations Rediscovered: Integration and Expansion in American Financial Markets, 1780–1850 (Cambridge, Eng., 2002).
25. Richard Kielbowicz, “Modernization, Communication Policy, and the Geopolitics of News, 1820–1860,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 3 (1986): 21–35.
26. Bernard Weisberger, The American Newspaperman (Chicago, 1961), 83.
27. Jonathan Sarna, Jacksonian Jew: The Two Worlds of Mordecai Noah (New York, 1981).
28. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs , ed. Charles Francis Adams (Philadelphia, 1874–79), VII, 321.
29. Elizabeth Clapp, “Anne Royall’s 1829 Trial as a Common Scold,” JER 23 (2003): 207–32.
30. Martineau, Retrospect , 55.
31. Matthew Crenson, The Federal Machine: Beginnings of Bureaucracy in Jacksonian America (Baltimore, 1975), 140–43, 157; Richard R. John, Spreading the News (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 219–23, 269–72; quotation from Donald Cole, A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy (Baton Rouge, 2004), 301.
32. Martin Van Buren, quoted in Ralph Ketcham, Presidents Above Party (Chapel Hill, 1984), 144.
33. Kenneth Winkle, The Politics of Community (Cambridge, Eng., 1988), esp. 176–78; Edward Pessen, Jacksonian America (Homewood, Ill., 1969), esp. 180–84.
34. Michel Chevalier, Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States , trans. T. Bradford (Boston, 1839), 316–21.
35. See, for example, Michael Foley, “The Post Office and the Distribution of Information in Rural New England,” JER 17 (1997): 611–50.
36. The unsavory practices endured for the rest of the century; see Glenn Altschuler and Stuart Blumin, Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 2000).
37. Keyssar, Right to Vote , 54–58, Table A4; Harry Watson, Jacksonian Politics and Community Conflict (Baton Rouge, 1981), 61.
38. See Leonard Richards, “The Jacksonians and Slavery,” in Antislavery Reconsidered , ed. Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman (Baton Rouge, 1979), 99–118; Abdy is quoted on 103.
39. Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years’ View , I, 727–31. Benton accidentally gives March 16, 1837, as the date for expunging; January 16 is the correct date.
40. Richard Latner, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Athens, Ga., 1979), 191.
41. Quotation from John McFaul, The Politics of Jacksonian Finance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1972), 188. The Luddites were English workingmen who opposed the industrial revolution that was taking away their jobs; they made themselves notorious by smashing machinery.
44. Adolphe Fourier de Bacourt, quoted in Cole, Martin Van Buren , 346.
45. Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City (New York, 1999), 611–16.
46. James Huston, Securing the Fruits of Labor (Baton Rouge, 1998), Table 15 on 140.
47. See Peter Temin, The Jacksonian Economy (New York, 1969), as modified by Richard Sylla, “Review of Peter Temin’s Jacksonian Economy ,” Economic History Services , Aug. 17, 2001, http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/sylla.
48. Douglass North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790–1860 (New York, 1961), Tables A-VIII, B-VIII, C-VIII on 233–34.
49. For this point of view, see Reginald McGrane, The Panic of 1837 (Chicago, 1924).
50. See Stanley Engerman, “A Note on the Economic Consequences of the Second Bank of the United States,” Journal of Political Economy 78 (1970): 725–28; Marie Sushka, “The Antebellum Money Market and the Economic Impact of the Bank War,” Journal of Economic History 36 (1976): 809–35 and 39 (1979): 467–74.
51. Peter Rousseau, “Jacksonian Monetary Policy, Specie Flows, and the Panic of 1837,” Journal of Economic History 62 (2002): 457–88, quotation from 457.
52. John Mayfield, The New Nation (New York, 1982), 125; Herbert Sloan, Principle and Interest (New York, 1995), 216.
53. Temin, Jacksonian Economy , 128–36, 147.
54. Rousseau, “Jacksonian Monetary Policy,” 487.
55. North, Economic Growth , 201–3, Table A-VII on 232.
56. “Third Annual Message” (Dec. 4, 1839), Presidential Messages , III, 554; Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise (Baltimore, 1995), 193.
57. Henry Clay, “Speech on the Sub-Treasury” (Sept. 25, 1837), in his Life, Correspondence, and Speeches , ed. Calvin Colton (New York, 1857), VI, 74; William Henry Harrison, quoted in Holt, Rise and Fall of Whig Party , 64.
58. Wilson, Presidency of Van Buren , 99, 114; Cole, Martin Van Buren , 359.
59. McFaul, Politics of Jacksonian Finance , 96–102, 211, quotation from 96. Also see William Shade, Banks or No Banks: The Money Issue in Western Politics (Detroit, 1972); Edwin Dodd, American Business Corporations Until 1860 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 276–309.
60. William Wordsworth, “To the Pennsylvanians” (1845), in his Poetical Works (Oxford, 1947), IV, 132.
61. William Graham Sumner, History of Banking in the United States (New York, 1896), 395; Jay Sexton, “Debtor Diplomacy: Finance and American Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era, 1837–1873” (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 2003), chap. 1.
62. Cole, Martin Van Buren , 271; David Grimsted, “Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting,” AHR 77 (1972): 376, n. 34.
63. See William G. Shade, “Martin Van Buren, Slavery, and the Election of 1836,” JER 18 (1998): 459–84.
64. John Niven, Martin Van Buren (New York, 1983), 464–65; Cole, Martin Van Buren , 366–67.
65. Thomas Cooper to Martin Van Buren, March 27, 1837, quoted in W. Cooper, South and the Politics of Slavery , 99; John Quincy Adams, Jan. 1, 1840, Memoirs , ed. Charles Francis Adams (Philadelphia, 1874–79), X, 182.
66. Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: Political Culture of the Northern Democrats (Ithaca, N.Y., 1983), esp. 177; John Gerring, Party Ideologies in America (Cambridge, Eng., 1998), esp. 165; more generally, Don Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic (Oxford, 2001).
67. Washington Globe , May 18, 1835.
68. Leonard Richards, The Slave Power (Baton Rouge, 2000), 109–112.
69. See John McFaul, “Expediency or Morality: Jacksonian Politics and Slavery,” JAH 62 (1975): 24–40; Joel Silbey, The Partisan Imperative: Dynamics of American Politics Before the Civil War (New York, 1985), 87–115.
70. Thomas Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength (Nashville, 1967).
71. Quoted in Silbey, Partisan Imperative , 90.
72. After Leggett died, the party revoked his excommunication and placed his statue in Tammany Hall. Walter Hugins, Jacksonian Democracy and the Working Class (Stanford, 1960), 48.
73. Daniel Feller, “A Brother in Arms: Benjamin Tappan and the Antislavery Democracy,” JAH 88 (2001): 48–74.
74. Jonathan Earle, “Marcus Morton and the Dilemma of Jacksonian Antislavery in Massachusetts,” Massachusetts Historical Review 4 (2002), 60–87, quotation from 63.
75. See Silbey, Partisan Imperative , 87–93; and Leonard Richards, The Slave Power (Baton Rouge, 2000).
76. Francis Pickens in the House of Representatives, Jan. 21, 1836, quoted in Freehling, Secessionists at Bay , 311.