17. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic , 171–75; Brown, Strength of a People, 170–83. Jennifer Rycenga has a book on Prudence Crandall in progress.
18. For a contemporary source sharing the missionaries’ outlook, see Jedidiah Morse, Report to the Secretary of War on Indian Affairs (New Haven, 1822). William McLoughlin has written two contrasting assessments: Cherokees and Missionaries (New Haven, 1984) and Champions of the Cherokees (Princeton, 1990).
19. Schweiger, Gospel Working Up , 67 and 202.
20. See Richard D. Brown, Knowledge Is Power (New York, 1989); Richard John, Spreading the News (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), esp. chaps. 5 and 7; and the works cited in chap. 6, n. 71.
21. See, for example, Nancy Hardesty, Your Daughters Shall Prophesy: Revivalism and Feminism in the Age of Finney (Brooklyn, N.Y., 1991); Nancy Hewitt, Women’s Activism and Social Change (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984); Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class (Cambridge, Eng., 1989).
22. On Mann in his context, see Jonathan Messerli, Horace Mann (New York, 1972); Daniel W. Howe, “The History of Education as Cultural History,” History of Education Quarterly 22 (1982): 205–14; Susan-Mary Grant, “Representative Mann: Horace Mann, the Republican Experiment, and the South,” Journal of American Studies 32 (1998): 105–23.
23. Messerli, Horace Mann , 326–31; Carl F. Kaestle and Maris Vinovskis, Education and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 221–28.
24. W. J. Rorabaugh, The Craft Apprentice (New York, 1986), 113–27; Joel Perlmann et al., “Literacy, Schooling, and Teaching Among New England Women,” History of Education Quarterly 37 (1997): 117–39.
25. See Glyndon Van Deusen, “Seward and the School Question Reconsidered,” JAH 52 (1965): 313–19; Vincent P. Lannie, Public Money and Parochial Education (Cleveland, 1968).
26. R. Laurence Moore, “Bible Reading and Nonsectarian Schooling,” JAH 86 (2000): 1581–99.
27. See Lee Soltow and Edward Stevens, The Rise of Literacy and the Common School in the United States (Chicago, 1981), 11–22; Brown, Strength of a People , 141–48; Carl Kaestle, “History of Literacy and Readers,” in Perspectives on Literacy , ed. Eugene Kintger (Carbondale, Ill., 1988), 105–12.
28. This section is adapted from Howe, “Church, State, and Education.”
29. Merrill Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (New York, 1970), 976–88; Philip Bruce, History of the University of Virginia (New York, 1920), I; James Morton Smith, The Republic of Letters (New York, 1995), III, 1883–1951.
30. Robert McDonald, “Thomas Jefferson’s Image in America, 1809–1826” (master’s thesis, Oxford University, 1997). Cf. Bruce, University of Virginia , II, 300.
31. Thomas Jefferson to James Breckinridge, Feb. 15, 1821, TJ: Writings , 1452; Peterson, Thomas Jefferson , 981.
32. Lawrence Cremin, American Education, The National Experience (New York, 1980), 150–53, 160–63, 171–72.
33. See Steven Novak, “The College in the Dartmouth College Case,” New England Quarterly 47 (1974), 550–63; Donald Cole, Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 30–41; Lynn Turner, The Ninth State: New Hampshire’s Formative Years (Chapel Hill, 1983), 334–43.
34. Turner, Ninth State , 352–56.
35. See John Whitehead, The Separation of College and State (New Haven, 1973), 53–88. The nine colleges predating independence are Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Princeton, Columbia (originally King’s College), Rutgers (originally Queen’s College), Dartmouth, Brown, and Pennsylvania. All save Rutgers and William and Mary constitute, along with Cornell, the modern Ivy League.
36. Michael Sugrue, “South Carolina College, the Defense of Slavery, and the Development of Secessionist Politics,” History of Higher Education Annual 14 (1994): 39–71.
37. Jefferson to Joseph Cabell, quoted in Robert P. Forbes, “Slavery and the Evangelical Enlightenment,” in Religion and the Antebellum Debate over Slavery , ed. John R. McKivigan and Mitchell Snay (Athens, Ga., 2001), 88.
38. Daniel Hollis, South Carolina College (Columbia, S.C., 1951), 74–119.
39. The classic account is Richard Power, “A Crusade to Extend Yankee Culture,” New England Quarterly 13 (1940), 638–53.
40. Statistics based on Donald Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War (1932; New York, 1972), 32–46. See also Mark Noll, Princeton and the Republic, 1768–1822 (Princeton, 1989).
41. See David Potts, “American Colleges in the Nineteenth Century,” History of Education Quarterly 11 (1971): 363–80; idem, “‘College Enthusiasm!’ as Public Response, 1800–1860,” Harvard Educational Review 47 (1977): 28–42.
42. These numbers could vary slightly because of the existence of evanescent and marginal institutions. See Tewksbury, Founding , 32–46.
43. OED , s.v. “liberal.”
44. Jack Lane, “The Yale Report of 1828,” History of Education Quarterly 27 (1987): 325–38; Daniel Howe, “Classical Education and Political Culture in Nineteenth. Century America,” Intellectual History Newsletter 5 (Spring 1983): 9–14; Carl Richard, The Founders and the Classics (Cambridge, Mass., 1994).
45. See D. H. Meyer, The Instructed Conscience (Philadelphia, 1972); Daniel Howe, The Unitarian Conscience: Harvard Moral Philosophy, 1805–1861, 2nd ed. (Middletown, Conn., 1988); Allen Guelzo, “The Science of Duty,” in Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective , ed. David Livingstone et al. (New York, 1999), 267–89.
46. Barbara Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women (New Haven, 1985); Kathryn Sklar, “The Founding of Mount Holyoke College,” in Women of America , ed. Carol Berkin and Mary Beth Norton (Boston, 1979), 177–201; idem, Catharine Beecher (New Haven, 1973).
47. Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women , 63.
48. I discuss belief in intelligent design during this period more fully in Unitarian Conscience , 69–82.
49. William Paley, Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature (Boston, Mass., 1831), 19–38. For context, see John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), 192–225; D. L. LeMahieu, The Mind of William Paley (Lincoln, Neb., 1976), 153–83.
50. Quotation from John C. Greene, “Protestantism, Science, and the American Enlightenment,” in Benjamin Silliman and His Circle , ed. Leonard Wilson (New York, 1979), 19; idem, The Death of Adam (New York, 1961), 23. See also Chandos Brown, Benjamin Silliman (Princeton, 1989), the first volume of a projected two.
51. John C. Greene, “Science and Religion,” in The Rise of Adventism , ed. Edwin Gaustad (New York, 1974), 50–69; A. Hunter Dupree, Asa Gray (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), 288–303, 358–83; idem, “Christianity and the Scientific Community in the Age of Darwin,” in God and Nature , ed. David Lindberg and Ronald Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), 351–68.
52. See Margaret Welch, The Book of Nature: Natural History in the United States, 1820–1875 (Boston, 1998); Sally Kohlstedt, “Education for Science in Nineteenth. Century America,” in The Scientific Enterprise in America , ed. Ronald Numbers and Charles Rosenberg (Chicago, 1996), 61–82; John C. Greene, American Science in the Age of Jefferson (Ames, Iowa, 1984).
53. Nina Baym, American Women of Letters and the Nineteenth-Century Sciences (New Brunswick, N.J., 2002).
54. Alexandra Oleson and Sanborn Brown, eds., The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic (Baltimore, 1976); Daniel Headrick, When Information Came of Age (New York, 2001).
55. A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government , 2nd ed. (Baltimore, 1985), 29–33, 62–63.
56. David Madsen, The National University (Detroit, 1966), 60; William Rhees, ed., The Smithsonian Institution: Documents (Washington, 1901), I.
57. Theodore Bozeman, Protestants in an Age of Science (Chapel Hill, 1977) 41, 201; Albert Moyer, Joseph Henry (Washington, 1997), 66–77; quotation on 73. On Bache, see Hugh Slotten, Patronage, Practice, and the Culture of American Science (Cambridge, Eng., 1994).
58. James Moorhead, World Without End: Mainstream American Protestant Visions of the Last Things (Bloomington, 1999), 2–9.
59. Charles Rosenberg, The Cholera Years (Chicago, 1987); Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History (New Haven, 1997), 167–212.
60. Rosenberg, Cholera Years , 47–52, 66, 121–22; Adam Jortner, “Cholera, Christ, and Jackson,” JER 27 (2007): 233–64.
61. Joel Mokyr, Gifts of Athena (Princeton, 2002), 94. So reluctant was the medical community to accept Holmes’s findings that he republished the paper in 1855. It appears in his collected Medical Essays (Boston, 1889), 103–72.