44. Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania 14 (Oct. 1834): 164–65; David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828–1861 (New York, 1998), 200–203.
45. Quoted ibid., 3.
46. Paul Weinbaum, Mobs and Demagogues: The New York Response to Collective Violence in the Early Nineteenth Century (Ann Arbor, 1979), 37–39. Another account sets the death toll at twenty-two.
47. J. F. Richardson, The New York Police (New York, 1970), 27–28; Eric Monkkonen, Police in Urban America (Cambridge, Eng., 1981), 42–46, 162–68.
48. Niles’ Weekly Register , Oct. 12, 1833.
49. Leonard Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (New York, 1970). Tyler’s speech is quoted at length on 55–58.
50. See Michael Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York, 1980).
51. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery (Cleveland, 1969), 119.
52. Paul Gilje, The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834 (Chapel Hill, 1987), 162–70; Tyler Anbinder, Five Points (New York, 2001), 7–13.
53. Daniel Cohen, “Alvah Kelley’s Cow and the Charlestown Convent Riot,” New England Quarterly 74 (2001): 531–79; Carl Prince, “The Great ‘Riot Year’,” JER 5 (1985): 1–20.
54. Taney’s reactions are printed in Frank Otto Gatell, ed., “Roger B. Taney, the Bank of Maryland Rioters, and a Whiff of Grapeshot,” Maryland Historical Magazine 59 (1964): 262–67.
55. David Grimsted, “Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting,” AHR 77 (1972): 361–97.
56. Statistics from Grimsted, American Mobbing , 13.
57. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor (New York, 1982), 35–39, 350–61; Dickson Bruce, Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South (Austin, Tex., 1979); John Hope Franklin, The Militant South (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), 33–62.
58. Parton, Life of Jackson , III, 385–92.
59. For an account of the episode and an explanation of the significance of nose-tweaking, see Kenneth Greenberg, Honor and Slavery (Princeton, 1996), 16–22.
60. Richard Rohrs, “Partisan Politics and the Attempted Assassination of Andrew Jackson,” JER 1 (1981): 149–63.
61. Andrew Jackson to Amos Kendall, August 9, 1835, Correspondence of AJ , V, 359–61.
62. Grimsted, “Rioting,” 394, 376, n. 34; Donald Cole, Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (Princeton, 1984), 271.
63. On Walsh, see Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston, 1945), 410. On Jackson’s contempt citation, see above, XX [chapter 2, ms. pp. 12–13].
64. Autobiography of Martin Van Buren (Washington, 1920), 463; Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (Philadelphia, 1874–77), diary entry for Sept. 1, 1835, IX, 260.
65. “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield” (Jan. 27, 1838), Collected Works of AL , I, 108–15.
66. John Marshall to Joseph Story, Sept. 22, 1832, quoted in Kent Newmyer, John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court (Baton Rouge, 2001), 386. Attempts to continue using the Liberty Bell worsened the crack; it has not been rung since Washington’s Birthday of 1846.
67. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Boston 1833), vol. I, bk. III, chap. 3. See also Kent Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story (Chapel Hill, 1985); Carl Stychin, “The Commentaries of Chancellor James Kent and the Development of an American Common Law,” American Journal of Legal History 37 (1993): 440–63.
68. On this controversy, see Marshall Foletta, Coming to Terms with Democracy (Charlottesville, Va., 2001), 159–72.
69. See Laura Scalia, America’s Jeffersonian Experiment: Remaking State Constitutions, 1820–1850 (DeKalb, Ill., 1999).
70. See Bernard Steiner, Life of Roger Brooke Taney (Baltimore, 1922), 139–43.
71. Ohio Life Insurance Co. v. Debolt , 57 U.S. (16 Howard) 428 (1853); License Cases , 46 U.S. (5 Howard) 504 (1847); Luther v. Borden , 48 U.S. (7 Howard) 1 (1848). Taney’s doctrine of sovereignty is analyzed in Charles W. Smith Jr., Roger B. Taney: Jacksonian Jurist (Chapel Hill, 1936).
72. Roger Taney to (Secretary of State) Edward Livingston, May 28, 1832, ms. quoted in Carl Swisher, Roger B. Taney (New York, 1935), 154.
73. Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. (19 Howard) 393 (1857), quotation at 407; Swisher, Taney , 154–59.
74. Briscoe v. Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky , 36 U.S. (11 Peters) 257 (1837).
75. Proprietors of the Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of the Warren Bridge , 36 U.S. (11 Peters) 420 (1837).
76. See Stanley Kutler, Privilege and Creative Destruction: The Charles River Bridge Case (Philadelphia, 1971), 133–54; Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 130–39.
77. Mills Thornton III, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860 (Baton Rouge, 1977); Bank of Augusta v. Earle , 38 U.S. (13 Peters) 519 (1839); Bronson v. Kinzie , 42 U.S. (1 Howard) 311 (1843).
78. E.g., Schlesinger, Age of Jackson , 329.
79. Austin Allen, Origins of the Dred Scott Case: Jacksonian Jurisprudence and the Supreme Court (Athens, Ga., 2006); Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America (New York, 1965), 116.
1. Alexander Campbell, ed., Debate on Evidences of Christianity…held in the City of Cincinnati, Ohio from the 13th to the 21st of April, 1829 (Bethany, Va., 1829), 5; Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise (Baltimore, 1995), 105; Mark Noll, America’s God (New York, 2002), 243.
2. See Nathan Hatch and Mark Noll, The Bible in America (New York, 1982); Paul Gutjahr, An American Bible (Stanford, 1999); James T. Johnson, ed., The Bible in American Law, Politics, and Rhetoric (Philadelphia, 1985), Campbell quoted on 62.
3. Brooks Holifield, “Oral Debate in American Religion,” Church History 67 (1998): 499–520; Richard Carwardine, Lincoln (London, 2003), 28–40.
4. See Leonard Allen, “Baconianism and the Bible,” Church History 55 (1986): 65–80; more generally, Brooks Holifield, Theology in America (New Haven, 2003).
5. On Kenrick, see Gerald Fogarty, American Catholic Biblical Scholarship (San Francisco, 1989), 14–34; on Brownson, Holifield, Theology in America , 482–93; on Harby, Michael O’Brien, Conjectures of Order (Chapel Hill, 2004), II, 1076–82.
6. See Conrad Wright, The Unitarian Controversy (Boston, 1994); for the Dedham decision, 111–36.
7. James Madison to W. T. Barry, The Writings of James Madison , ed. Gaillard Hunt, IX (New York, 1910), 103–9.
8. See David Paul Nord, “Religious Reading and Readers in Antebellum America,” JER 15 (1995): 241–72; David Tyack, “The Kingdom of God and the Common School,” Harvard Educational Review 36 (1966): 447–69.
9. Much of this section is adapted from Daniel Howe, “Church, State, and Education in the Young American Republic,” JER 22 (2002): 1–24. For more on Jefferson’s views, see James Gilreath, ed., Thomas Jefferson and the Education of a Citizen (Washington, 1999).
10. Carl Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic (New York, 1983), 45; Anne Boylan, Sunday School (New Haven, 1988).
11. Connecticut General Assembly, An Address to the Emigrants from Connecticut (Hartford, Conn., 1817), 18.
12. James McLachlan, American Boarding Schools (New York, 1970), 35–48; Theodore Sizer, The Age of the Academies (New York, 1964); J. M. Opal, “Academies and the Transformation of the Rural North,” JAH 91 (2004): 445–70.
13. See Stephen Macedo, Liberal Virtues (Oxford, 1991); Daniel Howe, Making the American Self (Cambridge, Mass., 1997).
14. See Daniel Dreisbach, “Thomas Jefferson, a Mammoth Cheese, and the ‘Wall of Separation Between Church and State,’” in Religion and the New Republic , ed. James Hutson (Lanham, Md., 1999), 65–114.
15. See, for example, Thomas Webber, Deep like the Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community (New York, 1978); Paul E. Johnson, ed., African-American Christianity (Berkeley, 1994).
16. There are no hard data on slave literacy. The most commonly given estimate is 5 percent, but the most thorough study to date concludes 10 percent is closer to the truth. Janet Cornelius, “When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South (Columbia, S.C., 1991), 8–9, 62–67. See also Beth Barton Schweiger, The Gospel Working Up (New York, 2000), 73.