Would You Kill the Fat Man (25 page)

22
. For the most sustained attack on the new neuroscience, see Tallis 2011.

23
. It should be pointed out that there are some philosophers who believe the brain and the mind
are
indeed one and the same thing.

24
. Eagleman 2011.

Chapter 14: Bionic Trolley

1
. See Terbeck 2012.

2
. A 2012 paper (see Terbeck under review) suggests, counterintuitively, that propranolol makes it more likely that people will judge killing the fat man as unacceptable: since propranolol dampens emotion and fear, one might have predicted the opposite effect.

3
. See Wright et al. 2012 for research findings on thirst and the ultimatum game.

4
. However, primate behavior provides a mixed picture. They haven’t tried the Ultimatum Game with capuchin monkeys, but if one monkey receives a piece of cucumber in exchange for a task and observes another monkey receiving a more appetizing grape for the same task, he or she will become extremely angry—and perhaps even reject the cucumber altogether, throwing it away in disgust.

5
. Smith 1976, book I, chapter 2, 26–27.

6
. Smith 2002, part 1, section I, chapters 1, 11.

7
. As an indication of how complex the effect of even an apparently cuddly molecule like oxytocin, see De Dreu et al. 2011. This paper shows oxytocin increases people’s biases against an out-group, a bias against a group (say an ethnic group) that isn’t one’s own.

Chapter 15: A Streetcar Named Backfire

1
. Sorry, he (or she) shall remain anonymous.

2
. Wittgenstein 1953, 293.

3
. Nozick 1974, 42–45.

4
. See Parfit 1984, part 3.

5
. Searle 1980, 417.

6
. Of course, character is not distinct from action. Character, in Aristotle’s view, is about dispositions to act. How would a brave man act, or a wise man act? But character also involves feeling. A brave man acts with a certain sentiment.

7
. Williams (1981), in an essay entitled “Utilitarianism and moral self-indulgence,” 51.

8
. See Wiggins, “Deliberation and Practical Reason,” in Rorty 1980, 233.

9
. A position formulated and best set out by Dancy. See Dancy 1993. The particularist position is problematic in important ways—for example, if we accept particularism, it’s not clear how we can adjudicate between different judgments about what is morally appropriate in any particular situation.

10
. See Singer interview in Edmonds and Warburton 2010, 26.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Voorhooeve 2009, 35.

Chapter 16: The Terminal

1
. Quoted in Hauser 2006, 35.

2
. Quoted in
Oxford Mail
, June 18, 1956.

3
. Ibid.

4
. A point made by Anne Rowe, of the Centre for Iris Murdoch Studies, and quoted in
The Guardian
, August 31, 2012.

5
. Conradi 2001, 220.

6
. Warnock 2000, 52, quoting Foot’s obituary of Murdoch in
Oxford Today
, Trinity Term 1999.

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