Year 501 (57 page)

50
. Preliminary Report, LAC, Sept 16, 1992.

51
.
DD
, ch. 12; Wilbur Edel, “Diplomatic History—State Department Style,”
Political Science Quarterly
,106.4 1991/2.

Notes to Chapter 3

1
. Brenner, in Aston and Philpin,
Brenner Debate
, 277ff., 40ff. Stavrianos,
Global
Rift
, cbs. 3, 16; Feffer,
Shock Waves
, 22; Shanin,
Russia
(quoting historian D. Mirsky). Zeman,
Communist Europe
, 15-16 (citing T. Masaryk), 57-8. Gerschenkron,
Economic
Backwardness
.

2
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 359. Gaddis,
Long Peace
, 10.

3
. Gerschenkron,
Economic Backwardness
, 146, 150. Du Boff,
Accumulation
, 176, citing Kuznets.

4
. See
FRS
, 51-2, for details on Indochina. Wood, 177, on Guatemala; US and Fascism-Nazism, Mexico,
DD
, chs. 1.3-4, 11. Sklar,
Washington's War
, and a substantial further literature on Nicaragua.

5
.
DD
, ch. 11.
FDR
, Zeman,
Communist Europe
, 172n.; Kimball,
Juggler
, 34. Truman, Garthoff,
Détente
, 6, citing
NYT
, June 24, 1941.

6
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 78; Indochina, see
RC
.

7
.
NI
, 185f., on the Red Scare; 272f. on Libya, and
P&E
, ch. 3.

8
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 58-9, 15.

9
. Leffler gives a detailed and largely sympathetic account of the actual fears and their basis. On the UN, see references of n. 10, ch. 2.

10
.
DD
, 103.

11
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 284-5.

12
.
DD
, ch. 1. Khrushchev's moves were revealed by Raymond Garthoff,
International
Security
, Spring 1990, as an “interesting precedent” to Gorbachev's; see p. 365, below. Kennedy,
Strategy of Peace
, 5; cited by Leacock,
Requiem
, 7.

13
.
Defense Monitor
, Jan. 1980. Zeman,
Communist Europe
, 267-8.

14
. See Charles S. Maier,
Why Did Communism Collapse In 1989?,
Program on Central and Eastern Europe, Working Paper Series #7, Jan. 1991.

15
. World Bank statement published in
Trócaire Development Review
,
op. cit.
(ch. 2, n. 46).

16
. Quotes from
TNCW
, 3, 204. On NSC 68, see
DD
, ch.1.1. Meyer, cited by Pisani,
CIA
, from his
Peace or Anarchy
.

17
. Holzman,
Challenge
, May/June 1992. Garthoff,
Détente
, 793-800. In an addendum of June 11, 1992, Holzman notes that a Review Committee of 5 distinguished economists set up by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence found the same technical problems and was unable to get satisfactory explanations in face-to-face meetings with the responsible CIA analysts, who were described as lacking in “candor.”

18
. Leiken,
Foreign Policy
, Spring 1981; cited by Schoultz,
National Security
, a useful review of the delusional systems of planners, whether real or contrived, one can only speculate. See
DD
, ch. 3.6, for further discussion. Thompson,
Diplomatic History
, Winter 1992.

19
. Carnegie, cited in Krause,
Homestead
, 235. 1987 poll cited by Lobel,
Less than Perfect
, 3. See
APNM
, ch. 1; “Intellectuals and the State,” reprinted in
TNCW
.

20
. Feffer,
Shock Waves
, 22, 112, 129. Bromberg,
NYRB
, Jan. 30;
FT
, Feb. 3; Robinson,
FT
, April 28, 1992. Haynes,
European Business and Economic
Development
, Sept. 1992. Economic indicators;
FT
, Sept. 28, 1992. Engelberg,
NYT
, Feb. 9;
WSJ
, Feb. 4; Glaser,
NYT
, April 19; Bohlen,
NYT
, Aug. 30, 1992. Continental Illinois, see p. 63. Children, see
DD
, ch. 7; ch. 9.5, below. Polanyi,
Great Transformation
. Miller,
Founding Finaglers
. On the Costa Rican exception and US attitudes towards it from the 1940s, see
NI
, 111f., App. V.1;
DD
, 221f., 273ff.

21
. Gowan,
World Policy Journal
, Winter 1991-92.

22
. See Deere,
In the Shadows
, 213; McAfee,
Storm Signals
.

23
. See
DD
, chs. 1.6, 3.3. Kaslow,
CSM
, Aug. 12, 1992.

24
. Burke,
Current History
, Feb. 1991; Morales,
Third World Quarterly
, vol. 13.2, 1992. See also Peter Andreas et al., “Dead-End Drug Wars,”
Foreign Policy
, Winter 1991-92.

25
. McAfee,
Storm Signals
, ch. 7. Bourne,
Orlando Sentinel
, April 12, 1992. Suskind,
WSJ
, Oct. 29,1991.
DD
, 162. On the suppressed history, see
NI
, 177f.

26
.
CAR
, Sept. 27, 1991; June 5, 1992.
Latinamerica press
(Lima), June 4, 1992. AFP,
Chicago Sun-Times
, Dec. 22, 1991. Sheppard.
CT
, June 18, May 22, Sept. 1, 1992.
Proceso
(Mexico), Dec. 2, 1992 (
LANU
). Kenneth Sharpe,
CT
; Dec. 19, 1991. Andreas,
op. cit.
Joachim Bamrud,
CSM
, Jan. 24, 1991.

27
.
CAR
, Sept. 20, Nov. 29, May 3, 1991.
Links
(National Central America Health Rights Network), Summer 1992.

28
. Felipe Jaime, IPS,
Subtext
(Seattle), Sept. 3-16; Nusser,
NYT
news service, Sept. 26; Johnson,
MH,
Dec. 3, 1991.

29
.
CAR
, Oct. 11, 1991. Gómez,
NYT
, Jan. 28, 1992. See Americas Watch,
‘Drug War'
; WOLA,
Clear and Present Dangers
.

30
. Simes,
NYT
, Dec. 27, 1988. For further detail, see
DD
, 97f.

31
. See
Daedalus
, Winter 1990;
NYT
, Jan. 4, Aug. 31, 1990.
DD
, 61, for more.

32
. Lionel Barber and Alan Friedman,
FT
(London), May 3, 1991. Serious mainstream coverage of the topic in the US began with the
Los Angeles Times
, Feb. 23, 25, 26, 1992. On information available before the invasion of Kuwait, often ignored in the mainstream, see
DD
, 152, 194f.

33
.
DD
, chs. 4-5.

34
.
DD
, ch. 6 and “Afterword.” For fuller detail, my article in Peters,
Collateral
Damage
. “Iron fist,” p. 38, above.

35
.
DD
, 141f., ch. 10. See
COT
,
NI
,
DD
, for an ongoing record of subversion of the peace process and media complicity. See Robinson,
Faustian Bargain
, on US subversion of the election itself.

36
. Van Niekerk,
G&M
, Jan. 25, 29, 1992. Britain,
Guardian
(London), March 30;
Guardian Weekly
, April 5, 1992. See George Wright,
Z magazine
, May/June, 1992, for background.

37
. Lewis,
NYT
, Aug. 24, 1992.

38
.
Latin America Strategy Development Workshop
, Sept. 26 & 27, 1990, minutes, 3.

39
.
DD
, 29-30, for further detail.

40
. Maureen Dowd,
NYT
, Feb. 23, 1991; see
DD
, “Afterword.”

41
. Khor,
Uruguay Round
, 10. See also Raghavan,
Recolonization
.

42
. Wachtel,
Money Mandarins
, 266; Peter Phillips,
Challenge
, Jan.-Feb. 1992.

43
. Virginia Galt,
G&M
, Dec.15, 1990. John Maclean,
CT
, May 27, 1991;
WSJ
, Nov. 28, 1990.

44
.
Monthly Review
, March 1992.

Notes to Chapter 4

1
. Rabe,
Road
, 129.

2
. Asia Watch,
Human Rights
; Shorrock,
Third World Quarterly
, Oct. 1986.
Harvard Human Rights Journal
4, Spring 1991; see my article in Peters,
Collateral Damage
.

3
. Fitzgerald,
Between
, citing Ryutaro Komiya, et al.,
Industry Policy of Japan
(Tokyo, 1984; Academic press, 1988). Johnson,
National Interest
, Fall 1989.

4
. Amsden, “Diffusion of Development: the Late-Industrializing Model and Greater East Asia,” AEA Papers and Proceedings, 81.2, May 1991. See particularly her
Asia's Next Giant
. Smith,
Industrial Policy
; citing Hollis Chenery, Sherman Robinson, and Moises Syrquin,
Industrialization and Growth: A Comparative Study
(Oxford, 1986). Brazil, see ch. 7. Comparisons, see
DD
, ch. 7.7.

5
. Francis,
CSM
, May 14, 1992. Amsden,
op. cit
. Huelshoff, Sperling, in Merkl,
Federal
. Ronald van de Krol,
FT
, Sept. 28;
Economist
, May 23, 1992. Dertouzos et al.,
Made in America
. Felix, “On Financial Blowups and Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America”; in Jonathan Hartlyn and Samuel A. Morley, eds.,
Latin American Political Economy
(Westview, 1986). Also Lazonick,
Business Organization
, 43.
Ibid
., on the role of banks in German industrial development. Gerschenkron,
Economic Backwardness
, Landes,
Unbound
, for extensive discussion.

6
. Bils, cited by DuBoff,
Accumulation
, 56. Bartel, editor,
Challenge
, July/August 1992. See Du Boff on the general topic. Brady,
Business
, on 1920s and ‘30s. A classical study of the abandonment of the free market is Polanyi,
Great Transformation
. For further references, see
DD
, ch. 1, n. 19.

7
. Lazonick,
Business Organization
.