Young Stalin (71 page)

4.
Iremashvili, pp. 17–19.

5.
Das Kapital:
Service,
Stalin
, p. 41.

6.
Sochineniya
, 13:113–14. RGASPI 558.4.30 and 37. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Practical Marxism versus academic: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Laughing at peasants and urinating on icons: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.11–19, “My Memories of Comrade Stalin,” by G. Elisabedashvili, and RGASPI 558.4.665.29. Marx books: GF IML 8.2.1.49.185–210, Kote Khakhanashvili. English books: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

7.
G. Ninua,
Zaria Vostoka
, 17 July 1939. A. Okuashvili,
Zaria Vostoka
, 18 Sept. 1935. Stalin’s account: Stalin,
Sochineniya
8 (1948): 174. More practical Marxism: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Visit to Jordania: N. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniyom N. N. Jordania,”
Posledniya Novosti
, 16 Dec. 1936, p. 2. Jordania: Uratadze, p. 11. Room on Mt. David, journal: D. Gogokhiya in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, p. 72. Views evolving: Suny, “Beyond Psychohistory,” p. 55. Lado, Jordania and Jibladze return and
Kvali:
Ostrovsky, pp. 121–23. Avoiding mother: Keke. Iremashvili, pp. 20–23.
Kvali
letter refused: GDMS 1955–146.17, G. Elisabedashvili. Home bedbugs: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

8.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, p. 44.

9.
Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Davrichewy, p. 174. Marxism: Stalin,
Works
, 1:296–372 “Anarchism or Socialism?” and 1:4.
Brdzola
issue 1. L. Trotsky,
My Life
, pp. 129–30. Tucker, pp. 88–93. Stalin version of Marxism, see Service,
Stalin
, pp. 48–53.
Credo:
Ilizarov, p. 227. Sergo Kavtaradze, “Memoirs.”

7 · BATTLE OF THE DORMITORIES: SOSO VERSUS FATHER “BLACK SPOT”

1.
Inquisitor Abashidze: Iremashvili, pp. 19–21. Punishments: RGASPI 558.4.48, 665 and 53.

2.
GDMS 3(1).1955–146.11–19, G. Elisabedashvili, also RGASPI 558.4.665.29. GF IML 8.2.1.49.185–210, Kote Khakhanashvili. GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

3.
Abashidze stories: D. Gogokhiya, Simon Natroshvili, P. Talakvadze and Black Spot, G. Elisabedashvili, Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 66–67, 84–87. Renan’s
Life of Jesus Christ:
RGASPI 558.4.676.
Molodaya Gvardiya
no. 12, 1939: P. Talakvadze, pp. 84–85. Marks, letter to Serafim, reprimands: RGASPI 558.4.48, 558.4.665, 558.1.4326, 71.1275. Refusal to cut hair: Kun, pp. 27–28. Punishments: RGASPI 558.4.53, 558.4.665, 558.4.53, 558.4.663, 558.4.60. Keke visits: Keke. Beso last meetings: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze. No more embracing: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Grisha Glurjidze. Teacher in Metekhi: RGASPI 558.11.76.113, Stalin to Beria, 19 Sept. 1931.

4.
Debauches: Kun quoting A. Avtorkhanov, p. 30. Lessons in secret, Beso drags by ear; my sister: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. Lisa Akopova: RGASPI 558.1.721. RGASPI 558.11.775.10–13, letter about Praskovia Pasha Mikhailovskaya, fathered by Stalin in 1899. Ilizarov, pp. 284–86. Rayfield,
Stalin and the Hangmen
, pp. 13–14. Stalin reading Napoleon: memoir of Nikolai Popkhadze, seminarist and cousin of Svanidzes, told to Peter Mamradze. Kote Charkviani’s sister: see G. Elisabedashvili, RGASPI 558.4.665 and GDMS 3(1)1955–146.1–20, Charkviani, “Memoirs.”

5.
Expulsion?: RGASPI 558.1.635, Stalin interrogation, Baku, 26 Mar. 1910: unexpectedly charged twenty-five roubles. Failure to pay fees: RGASPI 71.10.275, Yelena Tskhakaya. Old friends: RGASPI 558.1.5378, P. Kapanadze. Kun, pp. 7–34. Smith, pp. 52–53. Illness: Keke Djugashvili to H. Knickerbocker:
New York Post
, 1 Dec. 1930. Money to Kapanadze: RGASPI 558.1.5978 and 5080. Betrayed forty students: Simon Vereshchak, “Stalin v tyurme,”
Dni
, 22 Jan. 1928. “I was expelled for Marxist propaganda”: E. Yaroslavsky,
Landmarks in the Life of Stalin
, 1939, p. 14; also RGASPI 558.4.4349. Lack of funds: RGASPI 558.4.214. Church offer to be teacher: RGASPI 558.4.65. Expulsions: Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, p. 88. Yenukidze, quoted by Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 21. Davrichewy, p. 67. Ostrovsky, pp. 153–55. On God: Molotov,
Molotov Remembers
(henceforth
Molotov Remembers)
, p. 212. Priests teach how to understand people, and remark to Churchill—past belongs to God: Stalin to Marshal Vasilevsky in Volkogonov,
Stalin
, pp. 470 and 228. To Harriman—only God can forgive and may God help this enterprise: see A. Harriman and Elie Abel,
Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin
(New York, 1975), p. 154. Meeting with Patriarch Sergei and Metropolitans Nikon and Alexei, 4 Sept. 1943: Dmitri Pospielovsky,
The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime
, 1:200. For a fuller account: V. Alexeev, “Neofizialny dialog (o vstreche Stalina s rukovodstvom pravoslavnoi zerkvi),”
Agitator
no. 6, 1989. See also Michael Burleigh,
Sacred Causes
, p. 236. GIAG 440.2.12, 440.2.64, and RGASPI 558.4.53. Lack of funds: RGASPI 558.4.214. School results on the Svidetelstvo Certificate: GF IML 8.1.414. Executor of God’s will: letter from Stalin to Kosygin, 22 Oct. 1946: displayed at TsMSIR. Stalin did return to the seminary to raise funds for the Party during 1904–5, terrorizing the teachers.

6.
Leaving the seminary: Keke. Frances Perkins,
The Roosevelt I Knew
, p. 142. Christian gent: Conrad Black,
FDR: Champion of Freedom
, p. 1080. Stalin and Tulin (Lenin): RGASPI 558.4.669, Peter Kapanadze. If no Lenin: Mgeladze, p. 82. Hiding out: Maria Makhstoblidze in Ostrovsky, p. 144. Criticism of Jordania: RGASPI 558.4.665, D. Kalandarashvili. James Moore,
Gurdjieff
, pp. 368–69.

8 · THE WEATHERMAN: PARTIES AND PRINCES

1.
Weatherman: GF IML 8.2.1.5, V. F. Berdzenoshvili. Pay: RGASPI 558.4.66. Observatory:
Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi
, pp. 30–34.

2.
Keke. RGASPI 558.4.665 G. Elisabedashvili. GF IML 8.14.160, Vano Ketskhoveli.

3.
Jones,
chapters 3
and
4
. Service,
Stalin
, pp. 52–53. Kun, pp. 53–54.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 23–25.

4.
GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. Look: Iremashvili and Trotsky, quoted in Radzinsky,
Stalin
, p. 47.

5.
Workers’ circles: M. A. Moskalev,
Bolshevistsky organizatsii Zakavkazya periode pervoi russkoi revolyutsii
, p. 17.
Molodaya Gvardiya
, vol. 12, 1939, p. 101: 10 June 1926.

6.
Early Christians: Trotsky,
My Life
, p. 137. Committees: Trotsky,
Stalin
, pp. 53–54.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 23–34.

7.
Gendarme reports, Capt. V. B. Lavrov to Col. E. P. Debil: GIAG 153.2.302, GARF 124.11.1902.127, GARF 102.7.1902.175. GF IML 8.14.160.3, Matiorz Grikurov: Stalin and Beso at Adelkhanov shoe factory.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 23–34.

8.
Stalin worships Lado Kestkhoveli and Sasha Tsulukidze: A. Yenukidze,
Nashi podpolnye tipografii na Kavkaze
, p. 24. Tsulukidze in Tskhakaya’s words:
Voprosy Istorii KPSS
, no. 5, 1965. I. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, “Mikhail G. Tskhakaya,” pp. 111–12. “Friend of Illich—Mikho,”
Literaturanaya Gruzia
, no. 1, 1965, pp. 15–20. Anna Alliluyeva in
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 24–27, 36–40, 47–48. Kun, pp. 192–98. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, p. 117. Beria, p. 150. L. Vasileva,
Kremlin Wives
, pp. 55 and 70. Svetlana Alliluyeva,
Dalyokaya muzika
, pp. 251–52, and
Dvadtsaty pisem k drugu
, pp. 39–47. See L. P. Beria,
Lado Ketskhoveli
, pp. 5–65. Also: Beria, p. 308.

9.
Svanidzes: GF IML 8.2.1.34.343–51, Mikheil Monaselidze. Kamo: no decent people, enthralled—see Dzhavaira Khutulashvili in Kun, p. 75. Radzinsky,
Stalin
, p. 60. Stalin reading Napoleon: memoir of Nikolai Popkhadze, seminarist and cousin of Svanidzes told to Peter Mamradze. GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. “Soso’s gramophone” and teaching mentally limited Kamo, giving nickname: GF IML8.2.1.7.64–84, G. F. Vardoyan. GF IML 8.5.384.3–10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo, GF IML 8.5.380.5–6, Personal File and Questionnaire, filled in by Kamo on day of his death.

10.
GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. Memoir Nikolai Popkhadze to Peter Mamradze. Sagirashvili, pp. 168–77.

11.
SD split: Jones,
chapters 3
and
4
. Service,
Stalin
, pp. 52–53. Kun, pp. 53–54. Arsenidze, quoted in Kun p. 54. Muddled young: S. T. Arkomed (Grigol Karadzhian),
Rabochee dvizhenie
, pp. 55–56. Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. N. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania,”
Poslednye Novosti
, 16 Dec. 1936.

12.
Gendarme reports, Capt. V. B. Lavrov to Col. E. P. Debil: GIAG 153.2.302, GARF 124.11.1902.127, GARF 102.7.1902.175. GF IML 8.14.160.3, Matiorz Grikurov.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 24–27, 47–48.

13.
Teacher: Raguza,
Stalin
, p. 65. Mochalov in Service,
Stalin
, p. 51. April 1901 riot:
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 49–51.
Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi
, pp. 68–73. Conscription: Davrichewy, p. 31. Police interrogation including “exempted from conscription 1901 due to family matters”: RGASPI 558.4.214.

14.
Shaumian, Vedenev murder, Lelashvili: Ostrovsky, pp. 585–89. Memoir of Nikolai Popkhadze, seminarist and cousin of Svanidzes, told to Peter Mamradze. Shaumian: Anastas Mikoyan,
Memoirs
, 1:72.

9 · STALIN GOES UNDERGROUND:
KONSPIRATSIA

1.
Konspiratsia
and the secret world is based closely on the following sources: Richard Pipes,
The Degaev Affair
, pp. 26, 87, master of the revolution. Jonathan Daly,
Autocracy under Siege
, pp. 6, 9, 21–37, 38–44, 87–96; who learned from whom?, pp. 95–131. Radzinsky,
Alexander II
, pp. 91, 153–62, 217–22, 340. Perlustration, creation of Okhrana, code names, danger of flying suicide bombers: Charles A. Ruud and Sergei A. Stepanov,
Fontanka 16: The Tsar’s Secret Police
, pp. 54–56 and 69–79. On flying suicide bombers: Iain Lauchlan,
Russian Hide-and-Seek
, p. 361. Poles and Jews more hanged: Rayfield,
Stalin and the Hangmen
, p. 31. Yard keepers and Georgian cult of loyalty and violence: Jones, p. 99. Yenukidze on vengeance: Nikolaevsky box 207, folder 207–15, BN letter to T. Vulikh, 8 Aug. 1949. Stalin and spook: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. Davrichewy, p. 31. RGASPI 558.4.214.

2.
Avoiding spies and laughing at them: GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili.

3.
“Neopublikovannye materialy iz biografii t. Stalina,”
Antireligioznik
, vol. 12, 1939, pp. 17–21: memoir of bookshop owner Ambako Chelaidze.

4.
GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. Ostrovsky, pp. 166–67.

5.
Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania.” Jones, pp. 72–74.