Young Stalin (75 page)

2.
Paris: GF IML 8.2.1.56, G. I. Chochia. For travel timing and dates: Ostrovsky, pp. 255–59.

20 · KAMO GOES INSANE: THE GAME OF BANDITS AND COSSACKS

1.
Tiflis expropriation: see the notes to the Prologue. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. GF IML 8.2.1.50.239–55, Dzhavaira Khutulashvili. Chavchavadze killing: Ordzhonikidze; see V. M. Gurgenidze, quoted in Geifman,
Thou Shalt Kill
, pp. 92–96. Stolypin: Williams, p. 85. Service,
Stalin
, p. 69. Arsenidze, interviews nos. 1–3, 103–4, Nikolaevsky box 667, series 279, folder 4–5. Tsintsadze, pp. 40–49. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Thirteen Hours Tiflis-Baku:
Baedeker
, p. 471. Krupskaya, pp. 40 and 151–52. Radzinsky,
Alexander II
, p. 227, on Bakunin. Capt. Zubov bribed: Ostrovsky, pp. 545–47. Fanny: Futrell, p. 60.

2.
GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Kamo: Bibineishvili, pp. 94–110. Imnaishvili,
Kamo
, pp. 47–51. Dubinsky-Mukhadze,
Kamo
, pp. 12–86.
Russian Review
, vol. 19, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 227–47. Williams, pp. 74, 104, 114–23, 185. Kun, p. 75. Geifman,
Thou Shalt Kill
, pp. 38, 85–92, 116–18, 167, 190, 201. Krasin, “Bolshe-vistskaya partiinaya tekhnika,” p. 813. Nikolaevsky, “Bolshevistky zentr.” Stanford, Paris Okhrana, box 200, folder ID XVII n4a and folder XVII m 1. Tsintsadze on Chiatura railway heist—21,000 roubles in Souvarine,
Staline
, p. 100. Arsenidze, p. 232. Bombs and Krasin: Williams, pp. 61–63, 112. Radzinsky,
Stalin
, p. 59. Baikaloff, pp. 20–21. Litvinov’s arms buying: see
Istorichesky Arkhiv
, no. 4, 1960, pp. 95–110. Phillips,
Between the Revolution and the West
, pp. 9–11. “From Bolshevik to British Subject,”
Slavic Review
, 48, no. 3, Fall 1989, pp. 388–98. Krupskaya quoted in Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 105. Bibineishvili, pp. 116–30. Medvedeva-Ter-Petrossian, “Tovarish Kamo.” RGASPI 332.1.53: TSK organized committee to investigate Tiflis expropriation. Stanford, Paris Okhrana, 209 folder XXb, folder 2; 209 XXb folder 1; folder XVII L folder 2, XX.328, XXb, XXVII C, XXVc folder 1, XXVIIc folder I, XXVIIc on Wallach and Kamo from the chief of the Intelligence Service Paris (including claim that sixty-three people took part in heist). On Okhrana informer reports that SRs conducted Tiflis expropriation and money stolen by Kamo: Vahtang Guruli,
Materials for Stalin’s Biography
, pp. 9–11, and Tiflis Okhrana agents “N” and “Bolshaya” on 15 July and 2 July 1907. GIAG 95.1.82.15, 21, 23. Carswell,
The Exile
, p. 55. Credit Lyonnais: see Ostrovsky, pp. 499–500. Lenin versus Bogdanov: Service,
Lenin
, p. 98.

3.
Chavichvili,
Révolutionnaires russes à Genève
, pp. 74–91. RGASPI 332.1.53: TSK organized committee to investigate Tiflis expropriation. Expelled: Arsenidze, p. 232.Y. Martov on Stalin’s expulsion:
Vperod
, 31 Mar. 1918. Y. Martov,
Spasiteli il uprazdniteli? Kto i kak razrushal RSDRP?
, Paris, 1911, p. 23. Martov case: Service,
Stalin
, p. 164. Revolutionary Tribunal: 5 Apr. 1918—RGASPI 558.2.42, quoted in Kun, pp. 79–84; exactly the sort of person Lenin needs, expulsions not serious, p. 127.
Pravda
, 1, April 1918. Trotsky,
Stalin
, pp. 101–9. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili.

21 · THE TRAGEDY OF KATO: STALIN’S STONY HEART

1.
1. Stalin’s house:
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 52–54, 137; Nadya falls into sea, p. 110, though Anna says their brother rescued Nadya. Home: GDMS 1955–146.51–6, G. Elisabedashvili. RGASPI 558.4.663, Sergei Alliluyev. Tidiness—Sergei Alliluyev quoted in Lily Marcou,
Staline: Vie privée
(henceforth Marcou), p. 53. Kun, p. 38. Tiflis a marsh: Stalin,
Works
, 2:188, and 8:174–75. Service,
Stalin
, p. 70. Suny, “A Journeyman for the Revolution,” pp. 373–94. Spandarian’s women: Vulikh in Kun, pp. 129–30. Tucker, p. 105. Starts in Russian: Stalin,
Works
, 2:42–46. Rothschilds: Smith, p. 399. Police laxer: RGASPI 124.1.2035, M. Frumkin. Fighting squads and arsenal, ship heists, Vyshinsky: GDMS 49, I. Bokov. RGASPI 558.4.583, I. Bokov. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Ostrovsky, pp. 259–67. Pushing for strikes: see Sergo Ordzhonikidze and others in A. Rokhlin,
Dvadtsat piat let Bakinskoi organizatsii bolshevistikov
. GF IML 8.2.1.35, I. P. Nadiradze. Anastas Mikoyan,
Tak bylo
, pp. 347–48. Shaumian and filth of Baku: Mikoyan,
Memoirs
, pp. 72–74. Shaumian tensions, Tartars in meetings, Stalin’s protection-rackets, killing informers, Spandarian debauchery, Stalin true boss, gangsterism: Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky, in Nikolaevsky, box 207, folder ID 207–9. Persia: RGASPI 558.4.583 Mir Bashir Kasumov. Stalin’s relations with Muslims in Baku: “History of the Working Turkic Proletariat” by Effendiev, “Istoriya rabochego,” p. 53.

2.
Baku too Persian, Nobel story, Rothschilds, wages, stories of tycoons Mantashev, etc.: Tolf,
Russian Rockefellers
, pp. 87–100, 139–41, 151–58, 182. Anna Alliluyeva in
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 52–55, 84–86. Giving to Bolsheviks: Krasin in Williams, p. 59. Tiflis a marsh, Baku a centre: Stalin,
Works
, 2:188; second baptism of fire: Stalin,
Works
, 8: 174–75. Suny, “A Journeyman for the Revolution,” pp. 373–94. Assassinations, etc.: Geifman,
Thou Shalt Kill
, p. 414. Smoky and gloomy: Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 4. Essad Bey, pp. 123–37. Mikoyan,
Tak bylo
, pp. 347–48. Shaumian and filth of Baku, Mikoyan,
Memoirs
, pp. 72–74. Kaleidoscope: Stalin,
Works
, 2:378. Baku irrepressible: Stalin,
Works
, 2:141. Oil kingdom: Stalin,
Works
, 2:141. On Baku, hit men and strikes: Stalin,
Works
, 2:81–83. Revolutionary centre: Stalin,
Works
, 1:189. Reiss,
The Orientalist
, pp. 9–15, including p. 12, “Dodge City” quotation, and Stalin connection with mother and Krasin, pp. 20–21; Essad Bey quotes, “my mother financed Stalin’s press with her diamonds,” p. 21; our city like Wild West, p. 32. Most dangerous place, rootless, physical violence, rapes, prehistoric, Gorky, life expectancy, disembowelled dogs: Baberowski,
Der Feind
, pp. 62–67. Nikita Dastakian,
Il venait de la Ville Noire:
Mauserists. Stalin expert on oil industry: Mgeladze, p. 28. For tales of Baku oil barons, Nobels, the palaces: Faud Akhundov’s series “Legacy of the Oil Barons,” parts 1–4, in
Azerbaijan International Magazine
, 1994. Farid Alakbarov, “Baku’s Old City: Memories of How It Used to Be,”
Azerbaijan International Magazine
, Autumn 2002. Also see Manaf Suleymanov’s classic
Eskitdiklarim, Okhuduglarim, Gorduklarim
(What I Saw, What I Read, What I Heard).

3.
Berlin, August 1907: RGASPI 558.15095. Kun, pp. 85–87, 341. W. S. Churchill,
Second World War
, 6:601. Stalin,
Works
, 2:48; 13:121, 388. Djilas,
Conversations with Stalin
, p. 79. Smith, pp. 194–96.

4.
Spandarian a womanizer and fate of wife of Bolshevik: see Olga Spandarian letter to Shaumian in “Suren Spandarian in Siberian Exile,”
Vestnik Archivov Armenii
, no. 1, 1966. Haemorrhagic colitis: GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Typhus rash: author’s interview with Svanidze cousin Mariam Svanidze, aged 109, Tbilisi,2005. GDMS 1955–146.51–6, G. Elisabedashvili. Nursing her: author’s interview with Svanidze cousin Katevan Gelovani, Tbilisi,2005. Volkogonov,
Trotsky
, p. 11. TB and pneumonia, closed eyes: Levon Shaumian in Kun, p. 342. Sacraments: Delbars,
The Real Stalin
, pp. 52–53.

22 · BOSS OF THE BLACK CITY: PLUTOCRATS, PROTECTION-RACKETS AND PIRACY

1.
GDMS 1955–146.51–6, G. Elisabedashvili. GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Gori: Davrichewy, p. 35. Iremashvili, pp. 30–40. Stalin in grave: author interview with Svanidze cousin Katevan Gelovani. Announcement: RGASPI 558.4.97. How he loved, overcome with grief, gun, failed to appreciate: RGASPI 558.4.647 Pelageya Onufrieva. Kun, pp. 117 and 341; farce at the funeral, p. 342.

2.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 52–54, 137, 110. Home: GDMS 1955–146.51–6, G. Elisabedashvili. RGASPI 558.4.663, Sergei Alliluyev. Marcou, p. 53. Kun, p. 38. Stalin,
Works
, 2:42–46 and 188; 8:174–75. Service,
Stalin
, p. 70. Suny, “A Journeyman for the Revolution,” pp. 373–94. Vulikh in Kun, pp. 129–30. Tucker, p. 105. Smith, pp. 214 and 399. RGASPI 124.1.2035, M. Frumkin. Vyshinsky: GDMS 49, I. Bokov. Ostrovsky, pp. 259–67. RGASPI 558.4.583, I. Bokov. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Sergo Ordzhonikidze in Rokhlin,
Dvadtsat piat let Bakinskoi organizatsii bolshevistikov
. GF IML 8.2.1.35, I. P. Nadiradze. Shaumian: Mikoyan,
Tak bylo
, pp. 347–48. Shaumian and filth of Baku: Mikoyan,
Memoirs
, pp. 72–74. Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky, Nikolaevsky, box 207, folder ID 207–9. Olga Spandarian letter in “Suren Spandarian in Siberian Exile.” Persia: RGASPI 558.4.583, Mir Bashir Kasumov. Abel Yenukidze, “Iz proshlogo nashei partei,” p. 18; Effendiev, “Istoriya rabochego,” pp. 14–53. Muslim connections with Nariman Narimanov and Mammad Amin Rasulzade, see Rais Rasulzade, “Rasulzade: Founding Father of the First Republic,”
Azerbaijan International Magazine
, 1999. Rasulzade enjoyed a fascinating career, founding the Azeri SDs (hiding Stalin on the run), then the Musavat Party, then helping create the independent Azerbaijan of 1918–21 before being rescued and taken to Moscow by Stalin, who let him go into exile (where Hitler tried to recruit him as a leader of a German-sponsored Caucasus).

3.
Stalin in Switzerland: Ostrovsky, p. 265. Plekhanov and daughter in Switzerland: GF IML 8.2.1.3.291–310, Niko Akhmeteli.

23 · LOUSE RACING, MURDER AND MADNESS PRISON GAMES

1.
Raids in Baku and arrest: fighting squads and arsenal, ship heists, Vyshinsky, electric, almost too conspiratorial, killing opponents, plan to spring Stalin from jail: GF IML 8.2.1.6.183–203, Ivan Bokov. GDMS 49. I. Bokov quoted in Ostrovsky, pp. 259–67. RGASPI 558.4.583, I. Bokov. Vyshinsky on
Nicholas I
ship heist: Victor Serge,
Portraite de Staline
, p. 29. Vyshinsky, family in Odessa and Baku, in 1905–7, Bailovka, and in 1917–18: A. Vaksberg,
Stalin’s Prosecutor
, pp. 13–27. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. RGASPI 558.4.523 and 627. RGASPI 4.84. RGASPI 4.107. S. Vereshchak, “Stalin vy tyurme,”
Dni
, 24 Jan. 1928. Sagirashvili, pp. 182–83. Service,
Stalin
, pp. 78–79. Marcou, pp. 55–57. For K. Kato pseudonym: Stalin,
Works
, 2:125–31. Baku girlfriend: GMIKA 24(80).114, Alvasi Talakvadze. Yenukidze, “Iz proshlogo nashei partei,” p. 18. Voroshilov: RGASPI 74.2.130 and 240. Ludmilla Stal, Tatiana Slavatinskaya: F. Chuev,
Kaganovich
, pp. 160–62. A. Daushvili,
Story of Soso Djugashvili
, pp. 239 and 252. Stal and Krupskaya in Paris, 1911: Krupskaya, p. 196. Maisky, p. 45. Marcou, p. 66;Lud-milla Stal biography: “Istoki podviga,”
Ural
, no. 3, 1979. Stalin-Spandarian parties/deviations: GF IML 8.2.1.42, A. D. Sakvarelidze. Sentiment, skinning alive: GF IML 8.2.1.27.202–10, Ivliane Kukulava. Money from Mancho, Rothschilds, Landau, oil companies: RGASPI 124.1.325; RGASPI 71.15.213; RGASPI 558.4.659, Sergei Alliluyev. A. Rokhlin,
25 let Bakinskoi organizatsii bolsheviistikov
, pp. 81–83. Ostrovsky is the best historian of the relationship between Stalin and big business, pp. 473–75, 587–89, 593–94. Reiss,
The Orientalist
, pp. 9–21 and 32. Thanks to Prince Karol Schwarzenberg for Dr. Felix Somary story: it was told to him by Somary himself as an old man. Chechen guards beat up Stalin: I am grateful to Professor Jorg Baberowski for this story. Musa Nageyev kidnapping: Farid Alakbarov, “Baku’s Old City: Memories of How It Used to Be.” Mukhtarov and Stalin, tales of Baku oil barons, Nobels, the palaces, etc.: see Akhundov, “Legacy of the Oil Barons,” parts 1–4. Memoirs of Manaf Suleymanov,
Eskitdiklarim;
see
azeribook.com/history/manaf_suleymanov
. For Nageyev, also see Jilar Khanum, granddaughter, and Stalin’s ten-minute chats quoted on
echo-az.com/archive/2004_09/911/kultura02.shtml
.