Young Stalin (76 page)

2.
Bailov: GF IML 8.2.1.35.35–49, Ilya P. Nadiradze—swap, visit of Keke, hacksaw plan. Vereshchak, “Stalin v tyurme.” Essad Bey, pp. 141–42. Smith, pp. 214–20. Service,
Stalin
, pp. 79–81. Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 120. Sentencing: Ostrovsky, p. 281; Vyshinsky letter, p. 285. Vyshinsky, family in Odessa and Baku, in 1905–7, Bailovka, and in 1917–18: Vaksberg,
Stalin’s Prosecutor
, pp. 13–27. Trip, Butyrki Prison, Viatka hospital, etc.: RGASPI 558.4.629 and 71.10.276. Louse racing, madness, wrestling, backgammon, Sergo fight versus SRs: GF IML 8.2.1.42, A. D. Sakvarelidze. Plan to spring Stalin from jail: GF IML 8.2.1.6.183–203, Ivan Bokov. Sergo and SRs, Stalin to Voroshilov: RGASPI 73.2.38. Giddy-up, escapes, Budu and Stalin stories: author’s interview with Izolda Mdivani (widow of Budu’s son Vahtang) and Mdivani family, Tbilisi, Georgia,2006. Dirty politics: author’s interview with Yuri Zhdanov. Dirty for the revolution: Beria, p. 18.

24 · “RIVER COCK” AND THE NOBLEWOMAN

1.
Solvychegodsk: GAVO 108.1.5058.1–29. RGASPI 157.916 Stepan Shaumian to M. Tskhakaya. RGASPI 558.4.647—various memoirs in this font include Tatiana Sukhova; F. I. Blinov and Vologda transit jail; Stepan Belyakov, post office/jailer; Alexandra Dobronravova (dancing), A. Dubrovin (Mustafa drowned); M. Krapina on singing and River Cock and escape; priest’s library. On Sukhova and Petrovskaya: GAVO 108.2.3992 and GAVO 108.1.2372. Stalin to Sukhova: RGASPI 558.1.4372. Details of Petrovskaya: office of Baku Governor, J. Djugashvili file including Baku interrogation of S. Petrovskaya and Stalin, RGASPI 558.1.635.1–95. Information from local Vologda archives, train times, etc.—Ostrovsky, pp. 290–92. Service,
Stalin
, p. 70. Smith, pp. 222–32. Escapes: Daly,
Watchful State
, p. 72. Sergei Alliluyev,
Pravda
, 22 Dec. 1939.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 136–37. Trotsky in Kun, pp. 96–97.V. Nikonov,
Molotov Molodost
, pp. 75–90. Georgian stranger helps: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Stalin to Malakia Toroshelidze: Dubinsky-Mukharadze,
Shaumian
, p. 156. Bolshevik collapse: Tucker, pp. 147–50. Service,
Lenin
, pp. 195–98. Lenin on porn quoted in Lauchlan,
Russian Hide-and-Seek
, p. 245. Stalin and the women:
Molotov Remembers
, pp. 164 and 174. Silk handkerchief, flower, T. Sukhova: RGASPI 558.4.647. Problems with dancing arm, can’t take women by the waist: Montefiore, p. 260. Kun, p. 216—Kira Alliluyeva interview, quoting her mother, Zhenya. Author’s interviews with Kira Alliluyeva, Moscow. Foot: Service, p. 571.

2.
Sergei Alliluyev,
Pravda
, 22 Dec. 1939.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 136–37. E. D. Stasova,
Stranitsy zhizhn i borby
, p. 49. RGASPI 558.2.564 and 565, K. Savchenko. RGASPI 161.1.20. Milkman Okhrana reports: GARF 102.00.1909.5–3-A. Milkbar address: RGASPI 558.1.4516, Stalin to Tskhakaya.

25 · “THE MILKMAN”:
WAS STALIN
A TSARIST AGENT?

1.
Stalin’s activities, Okhrana “Fikus” reports: GARF 102.00.1909.5–5-A. Death of Beso: RGASPI 71.1.275. Beso death and burial: GF IML 8.14.160.1–8. Financial matters: S. M. Levidova and E. G. Salita,
E. D. Stasova: biografichesky ocherk
, p. 173. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili, on mail-ship piracy. Stalin,
Works
, 2: 150–62. RGASPI 558.1.26. RGASPI 558.1.4516. Service,
Lenin
, pp. 195–98.

2.
Williams, pp. 154–55. RGASPI 558.1.4516, Soso Stalin to Tskhakaya. Service,
Lenin
, pp. 195–98. Tucker, pp. 147–49. Suny, “A Journeyman for the Revolution,” pp. 373–94. RGASPI 124.1.325; RGASPI 71.15.213; RGASPI 558.4.659, Sergei Alliluyev. Rokhlin,
25 let Bakinskoi organizatsii bolshevistikov
, pp. 81–83. Ostrovsky, pp. 473–75, 587–89, 593–94. Stalin and Mdivani (Bochka) tipped off by Gendarmes:
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 2 (105), 1941, p. 7. Traitor witch hunt:
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 2 (105), 1941, pp. 7–8. Case of couple A. Prussakov and E. Kozlovskaya plus Leontiev: RGASPI 558.4.649, A. Khumarian. Leontiev case:
Zaria Vostoka
, 28 Apr. 1928, S. Yakubov. Okhrana agent: GARF 102.00.1909.5–3-A. Near arrest of Stalin, Sergo: Japaridze,
Vospominaniya
, p. 61. Stalin writes to editors of
Bakinsky Proletary
journal on provocations: RGASPI 558.1.26. Visit of Chernomazov and accusation of Koberidze: Ostrovsky, pp. 304–6. Stalin and Kuzma accuse each other: B. Kaptelov and Z. I. Peregudov, “Byl li Stalin agentom Okhranki?,”
Rodina
, no. 5, 1989, p. 68. Russian Bureau appointed:
Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya
, no. 5, 1922, pp. 231–32. I. P. Vatsek: RGASPI 71.15.213. Shaumian: Mikoyan,
Tak bylo
, pp. 347–48. Mikoyan,
Memoirs
, pp. 72–74. Uratadze, p. 67. Arsenidze, pp. 72 and 224. Jordania, “Stalin.” Olga Shatunovskaya: RGASPI 558.4.671. Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky, Nikolaevsky, box 207, folder ID 207–9. How Okhrana recruited:
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 43–45. Agents in Bolsheviks and how Okhrana spread suspicion deliberately: Daly,
Watchful State
, pp. 95,106 and 117; killing informants the duty of honest person says Lenin, p. 37. Stefania Petrovskaya: K. Stefin in Stalin,
Works
, 2:179–201. Stalin accuses Chernomazov witnessed by GF IML 8.2.1.15.266–72, Natalia Dondarov (Azarian). Petrovskaya: GF IML 8.5.212, Col. Leontiev of Okhrana report, 28 Apr. 1914.

3.
Tsarist agent: I am indebted in this section, unless specifically attributed, to Ostrovsky, pp. 431–62; on escapes from exile, pp. 431–39; on police corruption, pp. 515 and 545–47; on “Fikus” report on intelligence gathering by Stalin, p. 578;on 800-rouble bribe Sverdlov, p. 595. Stalin’s five escapes: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” RGASPI 671.1.287, Turukhansk money receipts, 1913–15. Ordzhonikidze and Zaitsev: RGASPI 558.4.258. Japaridze,
Vospominaniya
, pp. 61–62. GARF 110.19.119. Stalin meets police official on street and gendarme tip-offs: GDMS 167, G. Varshamian; GARF 102.00.5–61-A. Medvedev,
Let History Judge
, pp. 314–24. Service,
Stalin
, p. 74. Eremin letter: Lee, “Eremin Letter.” Eremin text in Smith, p. 306. General Ivan Serov memo to First Secretary N. S. Khrushchev and Politburo: RGASPI 558.11.1288, 4 June 1956. Vulikh to Nikolaevsky, Nikolaevsky, box 207, folder ID 207–9. Uratadze, p. 67. Arsenidze, pp. 72 and 224. Jordania, “Stalin.” Olga Shatunovskaya: RGASPI 558.4.671. Shaumian’s jobs, buyout from arrest, Capt. Zaitsev: Akopian,
Shaumian
, pp. 64–76. Prison director Vachiev, 150 roubles each to free prisoners: “Iz proshlogo nashei partei,” pp. 146–47. B. Kaptelov and Z. Peregudova, “Byl li Stalin agentom Okhranki?,”
Rodina
, no. 5, 1989, pp. 67–69. Artyom Gio,
Zhizn podpolnika
, pp. 67–73. B. Slavin, “Stalin i Okhranka,”
Alternativy
, no. 1, 1998, pp. 78–81, including Martynov report on Prague Conference, 1912, and Stalin’s meeting with agent Tailor (Malinovsky), plan to visit Lenin and work on
Pravda
. Details of Okhrana surveillance, 1908–13:
Krasny Arkhiv
, no. 2 (105), 1941, pp. 4–31. Stalin on betrayal as bite of death: GF IML 8.6.312, D. Chkheidze (Turdospireli). Stalin edits his own
Short Course
biography including number of arrests: “I. V. Stalin sam o sebe: redakzionnaya pravka sobstennoy biografii,”
Izvestiya TsK KPSS
, no. 9, 1990.

26 · TWO LOST FIANCEES AND A PREGNANT PEASANT

1.
RGASPI 558.1.628 and 635.1–95, office of Baku Governor—J. Djugashvili file including Baku interrogation of S. Petrovskaya and Stalin. RGASPI 558.11.1290 and RGASPI 558.4.130 and 208. Stalin arrests with Petrovskaya: State Historical Archive of Azerbaijan, 46.3.90.430, 46.1.324.165, 46.3.22.52, 46.3.348.10; and on Shaumian, Stalin and Petrovskaya, 1.1.479.12, 46.3.348.6, 7, 8, 156.1.51.66; ban from Caucasus 498.1.666.8–10, 46.3.495.103a, 498.1.176.73–4, 498.1.176.73–4, 498.1.175.38, 498.1.176.75–7, 81.1.27, 498.1.550.156. Hospital: GF IML 8.5.208, E. Esaian. Martynov: GARF 102.00.1910.5–6-B. Petrovskaya: GF IML 8.5.212, Col. Leontiev of Okhrana report, 28 Apr. 1914. On Stefania later: Ilizarov, p. 288; A. L. Litvin and others (ed.),
Genrikh Yagoda Narkom Vnutrennikh
(Kazan, 1997), p. 197.

2.
RGASPI 558.4.628, various memoirs. Maria Kuzakova memoirs and others including Kryukova: RGASPI 558.4.647. Letters and contacts with abroad, 31 Dec. 1910, and Jan. 1911: Stalin,
Works
, 2:209–18.
Zaria Vostoka
, 23 Dec. 1925. Ivanian: RGASPI 558.1.5097. S. V. Malyshev, “Moia rabota v Pravde,”
Bolshevistkaya Pechat
, vol. 4, 1937, p. 22. To Petersburg?: Kun, p. 109. Serafima Khoroshina, Kuzakova memoirs and local records—GAVO 108.1.4670 and 5058, 108.2.235;GAVO 18.2.4988 and PAVO 108.1.4670 3837.5.27, 3837.5.27 and 3837.5.2, and PAVO 859.10.43. Thanks to the directors of the two Vologda archives for their help. Ostrovsky, pp. 321–28: my account of the Serafima marriage is based on Ostrovsky’s researches in Party Archive of Archangel Region (PAVO 859.10.21.1–2). Y. Sukhotin, “Bastard krasnogo vozhda.” GARF 102.00.1910.5. Books, policemen, cheerful, singing, laughing, fiction and history books, jail time: RGASPI 558.4.540 Ivan Golubev.
Vstrechi s vozhdem: Rasskazy krestyan s Kureiki o tov. Staline
, pp. 32–36. Nikonov,
Molotov Molodost
, pp. 75–90. Sex and boredom: meeting of the British Ambassador Sir David Kelly and Stalin, 28 June 1949, cipher report, no. 548: thanks to Laurence Kelly and PRO 77618. Aram Ivanian: Kun, pp. 110–19; RGASPI 558.1.5097; Beria, p. 135. Lenin’s anger: Dubinsky-Mukharadze,
Ordzhonikidze
, pp. 75–76. Planting pine trees: Mgeladze, pp. 54–55. Guy Chazan, “East-West Alloy Reviving Stalin’s Belch,”
Wall Street Journal
, 9 June 2004: thanks to Guy Chazan for this story. Lordkipanidze: Charkviani, “Memoirs.”

27 · THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE AND “GLAMOURPUSS” THE SCHOOLGIRL

1.
Vologda: RGASPI 71.10.276. RGASPI 71.10.647. RGASPI 558.1.4333. GARF 111.1.1110a. RGASPI 558.1.30. RGASPI 558.1.5377. RGASPI 558.1.647. P. G. Fomina-Onufrieva. Also:
Izvestiya TsK
, no. 10, 1989, p. 190. RGASPI 55.4.647 Sophia Kryukova. Life of Onufrieva: Kun, pp. 113–18. GARF 102.00.1911.5–83 and 102.7d.1911.2093.GAVO 108.1.5058. Ostrovsky, p. 331.
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 8, 1937, pp. 165–97.
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 2 (105), 1941, pp. 19–20. Details of Okhrana surveillance, 1908–13:
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 2 (105), 1941, pp. 4–31. Stalin meets Sergo in Petersburg: RGASPI 161.1.20, V. L. Shveitzer. S. Alliluyev, “Vstrechi s Stalym,”
Pravda
, 22 Dec. 1939. RGASPI 558.4.148 and 166. Spandarian to Krupskaya on Sergo giving Koba 50 roubles, Sept. 1911, in S. Shaumian,
Izbrannye proizvedeniya
, no. 1, pp. 346–7. A.S. Alliluyeva,
Vospominaniya
, pp. 38–40, on Todria, etc. Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 134. “Serov” by M. Parrish in
Slavic Military Studies
, Sept. 1997, p. 127. General Ivan Serov memo to First Secretary N. S. Khrushchev and Politburo: RGASPI 558.11.1288, 4 June 1956.

2.
GARF 7d.1911.2093 and 102.00.1912.5–14-V. RGASPI 558.4.166. On police, Gendarme, Okhrana and movements: Ostrovsky, pp. 336–42. RGASPI 558.2.75 and 76. Five escapes, five-rouble bribes, reunion with Spandarian, strict conspiracy, letter about Prague, Rostov meeting, jumping out of train: RGASPI 161.1.20, V. L. Shveitzer. RGASPI 558.2.75. RGASPI 17.4.647.
Molotov, Poluderzhavnyi
, p. 297.
Izvestiya TsK
, no. 5, 1989, p. 185.
Kommunist
, vol. 8–9, 1988. B. Slavin, “Stalin i Okhranka,”
Alternativy
, no. 1, 1998, pp. 78–81. Code: Kun, p. 139. Prague: Ordzhonikidze, quoted in Kun, p. 129. Malinovsky: Ralph Carter Ellman,
Roman Malinovsky
, pp. 15–26, 31–33, 40–41, including quote on appearance, Lenin quote, hysterical, resigned, shot, pp. 58–66. Krupskaya, pp. 211 and 225. Radzinsky,
Stalin
, pp. 82–86 including Lenin and Malinovsky quotes.
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 8, 1937, pp. 165–97.
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 2, (105) 1941, pp. 19–20. Details of Okhrana surveillance, 1908–13:
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, no. 2, (105) 1941, pp. 4–31.