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I used letters to the editor of the Farmville Herald: J. Guy Lancaster, “Racial Purity: The Real Issue” (October 1, 1954) and W. W. McClintic, “Race Separation Historically Sound” (October 8, 1954).

To write about motivation to keep blacks uneducated, I used “Speaker Links School Closures to Cheap Labor,” Richmond News Leader (October 26, 1962).

For background on Nat Turner, I used Israel on the Appomattox and Felicia R. Lee, “Nat Turner in History’s Multiple Mirrors,” New York Times (February 7, 2004).

To write about the Defenders’ forming, I used “State Sovereignty Defenders Granted Virginia Charter,” Farmville Herald (October 29, 1954). For information about becoming a member, I used the Defenders’ “Proposal for an Organization to Defend State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties: Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties,” Special Collections, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, (1954) via Encyclopedia Virginia.

For the section on my discovery of Papa’s role, I used They Closed Their Schools and a brief from the Richmond Times-Dispatch on October 31, 1954.

For Eisenhower’s response to Brown, I used A Matter of Justice, Simple Justice, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy, and Eyes on the Prize. Also useful was the New York Times’ “Presidents, Picking Justices, Can Have Backfires.”

For the reaction in Prince Edward, see “Public Education and Public Schools,” Farmville Herald (November 9, 1954) and They Closed Their Schools.

For the section on Brown II, see Jim Crow’s Children, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy, and All Deliberate Speed.

For the section on Prince Edward County’s vote to underfund the schools in response to Brown II, I used They Closed Their Schools. I also used “Public Education and Public Schools”; “Supervisors Back Segregated Schools Here Refusal to Appropriate Operating Funds for ’55–’56,” Farmville Herald (June 3, 1955); “Budget of $150,000 Is Voted,” Richmond News Leader (June 1, 1955).

Also useful was “Prince Edward Public Schools to Run by Month in 1955– 56,” Richmond News Leader (August 1, 1955).

For the meeting of members of the parent-teacher association, see They Closed Their Schools and James Elliott, “P-TA Backs Proposal on Funds,” Richmond News Leader (June 4, 1955).

For the meeting in Jarman Auditorium, I used They Closed Their Schools and “The ‘Impossible’ Prince Edward Case” in The Moderates’ Dilemma. I also used L. M. Wright Jr., “Board Not Planning to Run Schools, Meeting Is Told,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (June 8, 1955).

For the description of Brown II, I turned to Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy, All Deliberate Speed, and They Closed Their Schools.

For the section on funds for private schools not being needed right away, see They Closed Their Schools and Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy.

For the county supervisors’ decision to go out of the public school business, see “Private Schools Seen As Answer to Court’s Integration Order,” Farmville Herald (May 8, 1959).

For white parents’ petition to the county supervisors in May 1956, see They Closed Their Schools and “Plaintiff’s Exhibit in Dorothy Davis,
et al.
v. Prince Edward Co. School Board 1956,” National Archives (http://research.archives.gov/description/279122).

To write about the Gray Commission, I used “Gray Commission,” Television News of the Civil Rights Era: Film & Summaries, Virginia Center for Digital History and Jo Ann Frohman, “The Gray Era Ends,” Daily Press (July 14, 1991). I also used James W. Ely Jr., The Crisis of Conservative Virginia: The Byrd Organization and the Politics of Massive Resistance (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976) and Virginia’s Massive Resistance. For the Southern manifesto, I used Virginia’s Massive Resistance. I also turned to “Supreme Court History: Expanding Civil Rights: Southern Manifesto on Integration,” Public Broadcasting Service and “The State Responds: Massive Resistance,” the Library of Virginia’s Brown v. Board exhibition (http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/brown).

For implementing Gray Commission’s recommendations, I used James H. Hershman Jr., “Massive Resistance,” Encyclopedia Virginia. Also They Closed Their Schools and Virginia’s Massive Resistance.

On the Eisenhower response, I used A Matter of Justice, All Deliberate Speed, and Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy.

For the description of what happened at Little Rock, I turned to Warriors Don’t Cry by Melba Pattillo Beals (Simon Pulse, 2001), Eyes on the Prize, and A Matter of Justice. I also used Juan Williams, “Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine,” National Public Radio (September 21, 2007).

On Governor Almond’s response, I used Virginia’s Massive Resistance and “There Will Be No Enforced Integration in Virginia,” WSB-TV (Atlanta, Georgia) clip of Almond press conference, Richmond, Virginia, (August 21, 1958) via Civil Rights Digital Library (http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_ wsbn_34033). For the discussion of naval children, “The Law v. the Governor,” Time (February 2, 1959).

For the January 19 court decisions, see “‘No Surrender,’ But Virginia Starts Over on Segregation,” U.S. News & World Report (January 30, 1959).

For J. Lindsay Almond’s response, see the transcription of Almond’s January 20 speech, Library of Virginia (http://www.virginiamemory.com/docs/01-20-1959_trans_ck.pdf). Also, Jack V. Fox, “Almond Seeking to Rally,” Bend Bulletin (January 21, 1959). Also see Encyclopedia Virginia and the Washington Post’s “If Only White Virginia Had Followed Its Better Instincts.”

For Crawford’s response, see “Prince Edward Appeal of Ruling Indicated,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 5, 1959).

For the response and reaction of Prince Edward’s leadership, I used They Closed Their Schools. For the “bombshell,” see the Farmville Herald’s “Private Schools Seen Answer to Court’s Integration Order.”

I also relied on “No School Fund Voted by County,” Richmond News Leader (June 23, 1959); William B. Foster Jr., “Schools Closing Planned,” Richmond News Leader (June 3, 1959); “September Is Deadline, Court Says,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 6, 1959); “Prince Edward Appeal of Ruling Indicated,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 5, 1959); “Meeting Set to Protest Prince Edward Action,” Richmond News Leader (June 11, 1959); James Latimer, “NAACP Action Seems Sure in School Closing,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (June 4, 1959).

I interviewed Steve Watkins for the section about meeting him and working with him in college.

For the founding of the academy, I relied on They Closed Their Schools and my interviews with Robert Redd. I also used “Schools Closing Planned,” “When School Bells Ring After 4 Years’ Silence … ,” U.S. News & World Report (September 30, 1963) and “Farmville Private School Set,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (September 9, 1959).

To write about the tuition grant law, I referenced “Board Adopts Two Laws to Aid Private Schools,” Farmville Herald (July 19, 1960).

For information on Mosby, see “Private Schools Losing Makeshift, Hurried Look,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (December 20, 1959).

For Pearson appointed to lead, see “R. R. Pearson to Direct Foundation,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (July 17, 1959) and “Halfway Mark in Prince Edward: School Plans Advancing,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (July 26, 1959).

For the anecdote about other localities’ raising money, see “The ‘Impossible’ Prince Edward Case” in The Moderates’ Dilemma. The information about the United Daughters of the Confederacy’s book drive comes from “UDC Aids Prince Edward Library,” Richmond News Leader (August 19, 1959). For other communities’ sending surplus materials, see They Closed Their Schools.

For the section on segregation academies, I relied on The Schools That Fear Built: Segregationist Academies in the South by David Nevin and Robert E. Bills (Washington, DC: Acropolis Books, 1976).

I also used an Associated Press story by Kathryn Johnson, “White Private Schools Booming in South,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune (July 12, 1971); Jack White, “Education: Segregated Academies,” Time (December 15, 1975); Sarah Carr, “In Southern Towns, ‘Segregation Academies’ Are Still Going Strong,” The Atlantic (December 13, 2012).

I also used a chart prepared by Edward H. Peeples Jr., “13 known private schools in Virginia established since 1958 to circumvent desegregation,” Edward H. Peeples Prince Edward County (Va.) Public Schools, VCU Libraries Digital Collection (1965) (http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/pec/id/647/rec/1).

To write about Pearson’s New Orleans visit, I used “Private Schools Only Way to Keep Segregation, New Orleans Group Told,” Farmville Herald (July 29, 1960). I also used They Closed Their Schools and “We Will Move: The Kennedy Administration and Restoring Public Education to Prince Edward County, Virginia,” by Brian E. Lee, from The Educational Lockout of African Americans in Prince Edward County, Virginia (1959–1964): Personal Accounts and Reflections, edited by Terence Hicks and Abul Pitre (Lanham: University Press of America, 2010).

For the section about my grandfather’s role in the school, I relied on interviews with Robert Redd.

For the section on students blocked from school, I interviewed black students including Robert Hamlin, Marie Walton Jackson, Ronnie Ward, Phyllistine Ward Mosley, Ward Berryman, Skip Griffin, and Charles Taylor.

The background on Hill Sr. came from They Closed Their Schools.

For the section on Griffin’s making plans for the students to attend Kittrell, I relied on “The ‘Impossible’ Prince Edward Case” in The Moderates’ Dilemma. I also used “‘Adopt a Child’ Plan Puts Negro Pupils in School,” Farmville Herald (September 13, 1960) and “Two Hundred Negro High School Students Enrolled out of County,” Farmville Herald (March 29, 1960).

To write about training centers, I used “Negro Training Centers to Open November 14,” Farmville Herald (November 1, 1960); “10 Negro ‘Training Centers’ to Open in Prince Edward,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (January 22, 1960); “Little Progress Made on Training Centers,” Richmond News Leader (February 15, 1960); Ben Bowers, “Over 400 Negro Children Enrolled in 13 ‘Morale Building’ Centers,” Farmville Herald (November 25, 1960).

The section on students’ heading for Kittrell was based on interviews with Walton Jackson, Ward, and Ward Mosley.

The section on Taylor is based on interviews with him.

The section about going to First Baptist Church is based on a 2010 visit.

For the sections on B. Calvin Bass, I relied on an interview with his daughter Bass Hines and They Closed Their Schools.

For the section on Virginia gentlemen, I relied on interviews with Skip Griffin and Edward L. Ayers, the president of the University of Richmond. I also used the book Southern Politics in State and Nation by V. O. Key Jr. (New York: Knopf, 1949). I also relied on “Relaxed, Carefree Students: Prince Edward Schools Open in Calm,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (September 3, 1958); “To Our People,” Farmville Herald (April 29, 1960).

For the section on the store owner who used the slur, I witnessed the interaction and had a conversation with the owner while spending several hours in the business in February 2013.

CHAPTER 9: “YOU GO WHERE YOUR PARENTS TELL YOU TO”

For the opening of the private academy, I relied on interviews with my mother and her classmates James R. Ennis and Bass Hines. I also used “Farmville Private School Set” and They Closed Their Schools. For the description of the Farmville Junior Woman’s Club, I viewed newspaper photographs of the exterior and conducted interviews with Ennis and my mother.

To write about my father’s and his brothers’ experience in Farmville, I relied on interviews with him, as well as his brothers, Stephen R. Green, T. Michael Green, and Douglas M. Green.

To write about my mother’s first year in the private academy, I relied on interviews with her and Ennis. To describe Butcher’s store, I also used interviews with Skippy Griffin and my mother.

To describe Rebecca Butcher Kelly’s teaching experience at the private school in the early years, I relied on an interview with her. To describe the six-year-old who dressed every day for school, I turned to Donald P. Baker, “Shame of a Nation,” Washington Post (March 4, 2001).

For the section on deciding where my daughters will go to school in Richmond, I visited the Richmond preschool center referenced. Both of my daughters attended the public preschool and I later enrolled them in the neighborhood elementary school I described.

I also used Richmond Public Schools “report card” from the Virginia Department of Education as well as information from the school district’s website and 2010 census data to explain the racial makeup of the city.

A report on modern school segregation in Virginia was also useful: Genevieve Siegel-Hawley, Jennifer Ayscue, John Kuscera, Gary Orfield, Miles to Go: A Report on School Segregation in Virginia, 1989–2010, The Civil Rights Project, University of California, Los Angeles, March 13, 2013.

CHAPTER 10: ELSIE’S OTHER LIFE

The section on Elsie Lancaster is based on conversations and interviews with her. It is also based on interviews with my mother and my aunt, Beverley Anne Klein, as well as my own memories of my grandparents’ home.

The description of the state park with two lakes came from “Making and Preserving History at Twin Lakes,” The Crewe-Burkeville Journal (February 23, 1995) and Kathryn Orth, “Park Manager’s Career Path Makes a Circle,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (February 24, 1995).

The section on blacks’ being banned from the library’s reading room comes from Stuart H. Loory, “$400,000 Virginia ‘Monument to White Supremacy,’ Farmville, Va., Build It to By-Pass Law,” New York Herald Tribune (August 22, 1961). I also used The Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974) and the Jim Crow Guide: The Way It Was by Stetson Kennedy (Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1959).

Background on the Dred Scott case came from the Library of Congress, the National Archives and Record Administration, and Washington University’s Dred Scott case collection. For Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow laws, see The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Public Broadcasting Service (http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow). Also, “Supreme Court Issues Dred Scott Decision,” New York Times (March 6, 1857).