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For Griffin v. Prince Edward, see Jim Crow’s Children.

To write about how Farmville responded to President Kennedy’s death, I used Bound for Freedom. To write about Robert Kennedy’s visiting Farmville after the president was killed, I used vanden Huevel’s “Closing Doors, Opening Doors,” “Shame of a Nation,” and “Political Issues Played Down: Kennedy Restrained in Visits to State,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (June 5, 1968). I also reviewed Richmond Times-Dispatch photos from the visit.

For reaction to Griffin v. Prince Edward County, I interviewed Griffin. Also “State Court Affirms County Position: Declares No Duty to Have Public Schools,” Farmville Herald (December 3, 1963). For the quote “The time for mere ‘deliberate speed’ has run out,” see the US Supreme Court’s decision in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County.

For the sections on checks to academy parents, I used an August 6, 1964, photo by the Richmond-Times Dispatch and the Washington Post’s “Shame of a Nation.” I also used interviews with Elsie.

To write about passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, I used media coverage: E. W. Kenworthy, “Civil Rights Bill Passed, 73–27,” New York Times (June 20, 1964) and E. W. Kenworthy, “President Signs Civil Rights Bill; Bids All Back It,” New York Times (July 3, 1964).

For the section on Peggy Cave, I talked on the phone with her. I also talked with the former Prince Edward Academy students René Hurley Clark and Suzanne Rogers Powell.

CHAPTER 16: BUILDING A LIFE WITHOUT A FOUNDATION

For stories about how students were affected, I relied on interviews with Ricky Warren Brown and his wife, Shirby Scott Brown; Doug Vaughan and his wife, JoAnn Vaughan; and Elsie.

CHAPTER 17: “WE ARE ALL GOD’S CHILDREN”

For background on my mother and her family, I relied on interviews with my mother and her sister, Beverley Anne Klein. I also utilized The Holmans of Virginia.

For the section on my father’s childhood, I relied on interviews with my dad and his three brothers. I also utilized their father’s US Navy records. Two newspaper stories about my great-grandmother were also helpful. Grace Holman, “Virginia Mother of Year: ‘Helping Others’ Called ‘Best Part of Life,’” Southside Virginian (March 29, 1967) and “Mrs. Epsie Vale, 90, Virginia 1967 Mother of the Year, Dies,” Farmville Herald (November 23, 1988).

I relied on interviews with my parents to write about their leaving Farmville, dating, and marrying. Barbara J. Payton at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry provided statistics on black graduates. For school busing in Richmond, see the Virginia Historical Society’s website (http://www.vahistorical.org/collections-and-resources/virginia-history-explorer/civil-rights-movement-virginia/school-busing). See also Clara Silverstein, “The Great Experiment,” Style Weekly (January 1, 1980).

I relied on interviews with my parents for the section about their decision to move back to Farmville and to send my brothers and me to the academy.

For background on James Anderson, I used R. C. Smith, “Prince Edward County: Revisited and Revitalized,” Virginia Quarterly Review (Winter 1997): 1–27. I also used The Burden of Brown.

For the academy’s nonprofit status being pulled by the Internal Revenue Service, see Bruce Potter, “Lone Black Responds to Academy,” Richmond News Leader (February 20, 1986). For the story about my dad coaching a black boy on the academy’s fields, I interviewed my dad. His co-coach and my twin brothers, who played on the team, confirmed the story. My dad also recounted the story about my grandfather’s telling him he couldn’t recommend him for the board.

For information about the academy integrating, I relied on interviews with my dad and with Redd. I also used “Lone Black Responds to Academy”; Overton McGehee, “Academy’s Integration Seen as Sign of Healing,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (June 7, 1987); “1968 Will that left $676,000 to Academy Is Subject of Suit,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (April 4, 1987); Overton McGehee, “Compliance Costs School $1.5 Million; Retiree Home Here Gains from Ruling,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (October 10, 1990).

To write about Prince Edward Academy’s financial problems, I relied on interviews with Redd and Taylor.

To write about how the academy became Fuqua School, I used Fuqua: A Memoir: How I Made My Fortune Using Other People’s Money by J. B. Fuqua (Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 2001). I also used Ken Belson, “J. B. Fuqua, 87, Entrepreneur Who Gave Millions to Duke U., Dies,” New York Times (April 9, 2006); Gwen Kinkead, “Why J. B. Fuqua Loves Money Losers,” Fortune (March 4, 1985); Mark Alpert, “Southern Fox,” Fortune (March 13, 1989); “His Brother’s Keeper,” Philanthropy (May/June 2004).

I also relied on Kathryn Orth and Jamie Ruff, “Academy Renamed in Benefactor’s Honor,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (August 24, 1993); Kathryn Orth, “Students Celebrate First Day at Fuqua,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (August 26, 1993); Kathryn Orth and Jamie Ruff, “Fuqua Chief Sees ‘Peaceful Coexistence,’” Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 16, 1994); Carl T. Rowan, “$10 Million to Buy Out a Relic of Segregation,” Baltimore Sun (August 27, 1993); Wes Allison and Kathryn Orth, “Fuqua Envisions School as Boon to County,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (January 9, 1994); Wes Allison, “Giving Something Back,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (January 9, 1994).

For the section about the summer in Farmville, I lived in the town for two months in 2013. I used an interview with Heather Edwards, a Longwood professor.

For the reconciliation pilgrimage, see Kathryn Orth, “Tensions Arise on the Last Day of ‘Pilgrimage,’” Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 1, 2006).

For Hampden-Sydney College, I interviewed college president Christopher B. Howard. Also, see Guy Raz, “Black President Stands Out at Mostly White College,” National Public Radio (September 26, 2009) and Steve Szkotak, “Hampden-Sydney Student Expelled for Racially Motivated Uproar after Obama Election,” Huffington Post (December 13, 2012).

For the section on funding Prince Edward County Schools, I used “Prince Edward County: Revisited and Revitalized”; Rob Chapman, “Boards Talk Schools, PE Focused On Funding,” Farmville Herald (March 26, 2014); “Prince Edward County Needs the Facts about 50 Years Ago, Today,” Farmville Herald (March 27, 2014).

For tax rate information, I used Virginia Local Tax Rates, 2011 Information for All Cities and Counties and Selected Incorporated Towns, by John L. Knapp and Stephen C. Kulp, in cooperation with the Virginia Association of Counties and the Virginia Municipal League (Charlottesville: Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, University of Virginia, 2012).

For the section about the road, see “8News Investigates: ‘Road To Nowhere,’” ABC 8 News (July 8, 2013) (http://www.wric.com/story/22784594/8news-investigates-road-to-nowhere).

To write the section about Ruth Murphy, I relied on a series of interviews with her. Also useful were Lisa Harpole, “Turning a City School Around,” Leader [Research Triangle Park], (October 6, 1988); Steve Adams, “In Pursuit of Excellent Schools,” editorial, Leader [Research Triangle Park] (October 6, 1988); “Excellence Creates This Problem,” Durham Morning Herald (December 20, 1988).

Murphy provided the Fuqua School’s diversity statistics. For the section on the unintended consequences of Murphy’s programs, I relied on an interview with Charles Williams, as well as interviews with Ricky Brown and his wife, Shirby Scott Brown, and Doug Vaughan and his wife, JoAnn Vaughan. I also used Kevin Sieff, “Fuqua School Looks to African American Football Star to Shatter Racist Legacy,” Washington Post (December 11, 2011).

Murphy provided enrollment numbers for Fuqua. I relied on the school’s website for other information about the student body, including tuition and classes offered. The county’s median household income came from the US Census Bureau’s QuickFact numbers for 2013.

Murphy provided information on the school’s scholarships and the number of students who receive them. She also provided information about valedictorians in 2013 and 2014. I witnessed Fuqua students march in the reenactment of Barbara Johns’s walkout in 2014.

To describe Fuqua School, I shadowed a teacher, Diane Stubbins, in the spring of 2013.

The section on Chinese students was based on interviews with Murphy.

To describe John P. Wynne Campus School and the progress under Anderson’s administration, I used The Burden of Brown and “Prince Edward County: Revisited and Revitalized.” Also useful was an article by the school’s director, Dr. E. Lee Land, “John P. Wynne Campus School,” Bulletin of Longwood College 62, no. 2 (Winter 1972–73).

To describe how Prince Edward County became a model, I used Timothy M. Phelps’s series for Newsday [New York], “Brown vs. Board, 40 Years Later.” I used “A Model for the Nation” (May 17, 1994); “Still Separate in S. C.: Brown decision’s unintended effect” (May 16, 1994); “A Bid to Resegregate? In Delaware, new inequity feared in challenge to busing” (May 19, 1994); “The Legacy of Brown vs. Board: Decades after the Supreme Court barred separate but equal schools, in Topeka and elsewhere the battle is still being waged” (May 15, 1994); “In Capital, An Exodus Integration led to white flight” (May 18, 1994).

I also used the Richmond Times-Dispatch’s “Fuqua Envisions School as Boon to County.”

For the county’s 2009 scores, I used the Virginia Department of Education, Prince Edward County, approved application for school improvement funds (http://www.doe.virginia.gov/support/school_improvement/title1/1003_g/div_apps/prince_edward_county.pdf). To write the section on Prince Edward County High School being named a turnaround school, I interviewed Kathleen Smith, the department’s director of the Office of School Improvement, as well as Principal Craig Reed and Prince Edward County Public Schools superintendent K. David Smith. Reed also provided the Prince Edward County Public Schools’ test scores. See also the Department of Education’s turnaround schools information page (http://www.doe.virginia.gov/support/school_improvement/title1/1003_g/).

To describe the modern day Prince Edward County High School, I interviewed Craig Reed on campus in Spring 2013.

For the section describing the advances made at Prince Edward County High School during the three-year turnaround program, I used my interview with Kathleen Smith and interviews with Reed.

CHAPTER 19: “WE ALL WISH IT HADN’T HAPPENED”

To write about Farmville’s recognition of the anniversary of the kneelin, I attended the July 2013 event and utilized a statement by the Episcopal Church’s vestry.

Also useful was an account of the kneelin’s anniversary written by J. Michael Utzinger, a Hampden-Sydney College professor, and Liz Sawyer, “Farmville Community Remembers KneelIn,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (July 29, 2013).

The section about black residents’ reactions to the low turnout at the kneelin event was based on a conversation I heard at the Moton Museum brown bag luncheon on July 29, 2013, the day after the kneelin anniversary.

The section on Ward Berryman is based on interviews with her.

The section with my mother is based on a conversation we had over lunch in August 2013.

The section with Bob Taylor is based on an interaction we had on Main Street in Farmville in August 2013.

CHAPTER 20: A HEALING PLACE FOR THE COMMUNITY

The history of the Moton building’s being put up for sale and bought by a community organization is based on interviews with Lacy Ward Jr. and Woodley. I also used a letter the county wrote to the state asking for a delay in adding Moton as a National Historic Landmark or to the Virginia Registry.

I also discussed with the Chairman of the Board of Supervisors Howard F. Simpson and County Manager Wade Bartlett the county’s decision not to fund the museum. I used “Prince Edward County Revisited and Revitalized”; Donald P. Baker, “Support for a Va. School and Its History Lesson,” Washington Post (March 6, 1995); “Shall We Tear Down America?” Farmville Herald (February 15, 1995). I referred to a time line of events on the Moton Museum’s website (http://www.motonmuseum.org/about/history/timeline).

For the pushback to the museum, I relied on interviews with Ward Jr. I also used a piece I wrote for the Richmond Times-Dispatch, “Prince Edward’s Turning Point” (April 24, 2011).

For background on the scholarship, I interviewed the Farmville Herald’s editor, Woodley. I also used Barbara Bedway, “Virginia Editor Crusades to Right Past Wrongs,” Editor & Publisher (September 15, 2005).

For background on the construction of a civil rights memorial, see Jim Nolan, “Civil-Rights Memorial Dedicated at Capitol,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (July 21, 2008) and Anita Kumar, “Paying Homage to Desegregation’s Pioneers,” Washington Post (July 22, 2008). For information about the honorary Moton graduation, I used Educated in Spite Of …

For background on the light of reconciliation, I interviewed Woodley. For Joy Cabarrus Speakes’s response, I used my Richmond Times-Dispatch piece, “Prince Edward’s Turning Point.”

To write the section on Moton Museum as a healing place, I attended more than a dozen brown bag lunches. In 2013, I witnessed firsthand Everett Berryman’s discussing why he had never wanted to tell his story before, and I heard Mickie Pride Carrington responding to him.

I also listened to a StoryCorps interview of Pride Carrington and Rebecca Butcher that did not air, and I relied on my own interviews with each of them. I also relied on interviews with Berryman.

For the section about my experience at Moton and with blacks who suggest I should forgive my grandfather, I relied on conversations with Lacy Ward Jr.’s wife, Ardeania Ward, and Elsie’s nephews. I also conducted interviews with Marsh, Douglas, Griffin, and R. C. “Bob” Smith.

For the section on Sally Hemings, see Leef Smith, “Jeffersons Split over Hemings Descendants,” Washington Post (May 17, 1999). To describe how whites blamed blacks for school closures, I used “Prince Edward under Attack,” Farmville Herald (December 2, 1960).

For the section on Wall’s influence, I relied on vanden Heuvel’s “Closing Doors, Opening Doors.” I also used “The ‘Impossible’ Prince Edward Case” in The Moderates’ Dilemma and They Closed Their Schools.

I used an interview with Ayers to discuss why Virginians were in favor of segregation.