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The section on my grandparents’ failure to acknowledge that Elsie had sent Gwen to Massachusetts is based on interviews with Elsie.

For the section on Southside Schools, I turned to They Closed Their Schools. I also used “Negro Protest Pilgrimage Set,” Farmville Herald (January 1, 1960); William P. Cheshire, “Threats of Reprisals Charged in Farmville,” Richmond News Leader (January 11, 1960); “Boycott Seen by Negroes in Farmville,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (December 24, 1959); “State Will Pay Full Cost of Negro Tuitions,” Farmville Herald (January 1, 1960).

For the coverage of Martin Luther King’s speech and the pilgrimage, see “Negroes Ask State Legislature to Change School Law: ‘Pilgrimage’ Protest of Prince Edward County Closures Made,” Farmville Herald (January 5, 1960).

For the number of black children in school across the state, see Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution by Jack Greenberg (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

For the delays in opening the Southside schools, see “Negro School Opening Delayed Until September,” Farmville Herald (January 19, 1960) and “Threats of Reprisals Charged in Farmville.”

For Byrd’s response, see “In Defense of Prince Edward County, Virginia,” Congressional Record (May 17, 1961).

For academy officials’ seeking a new building, I used “Foundation Wants to Buy High School Building,” Farmville Herald (January 15, 1960) and “Future School Planning,” Farmville Herald (January 19, 1960).

To write about the Farmville Herald’s support of the new school, I used reports in the paper: “State Will Pay Full Cost of Negro Tuitions” and “Future School Planning.”

For reports of Andrews’s and Bass’s resignation, I used They Closed Their Schools.

For the Farmville Herald’s response, see “Private School Pattern,” Farmville Herald (April 29, 1960). For an account of how the NAACP attempted to prevent the sale of the buildings, see “Forced Public Schools Aim of New NAACP Court Action,” Farmville Herald (June 14, 1960).

For the academy’s establishing a permanent building, see They Closed Their Schools. Also see “School Unit Acquires New Site,” Richmond News Leader (February 15, 1960); “Prince Edward Private School Asks $300,000,” Richmond News Leader (June 23, 1960); “Schools Gets Aid from Many Firms,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (November 16, 1960).

I also relied on The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of School Desegregation by Raymond Wolters (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984).

For the response by poor white families, I relied on interviews with Eunice Ward Carwile and John Hines.

For a description of how all-white kids attended the academy, see WSB-TV news clip of interview of Roy R. Pearson, via the Civil Rights Digital Library (February 29, 1960).

For the section on the Bush League, I used They Closed Their Schools. I also used interviews with Bass Hines and Gordon Moss’s son, Dickie Moss.

Also, for county business and community leaders’ unwillingness to discuss resuming schools, see “Speaker Links School Closures to Cheap Labor,” Richmond News Leader (October 26, 1962).

CHAPTER 12: A BUS TICKET AND A WORLD AWAY

This chapter was based on interviews of students locked out of school, including Betty Jean Ward Berryman and her siblings Ronnie Ward and Phyllistine Ward Mosley; Dorothy Lockett Holcomb; Warren Ricky Brown and his wife, Shirby Scott Brown; Doug Vaughan and his wife, JoAnn Vaughan; Mickie Pride Carrington; and John Hines. I also relied on interviews with Elsie Lancaster.

I also used Holcomb’s book, Educated in Spite of … A Promise Kept (Farmville: MAKKA Productions, 2012). To describe the training centers, I used “Three Negro Training Centers Opened,” Farmville Herald (February 19, 1960).

For the section on Elsie Lancaster sending her daughter to Boston, I relied on interviews with her. To write about my mother’s response, I relied on interviews with my mother and Elsie.

For the section on Brown’s aftermath, I used the Library of Congress’s Brown aftermath exhibit, Brown v. Board at Fifty: “With an Even Hand,” Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-aftermath.html).

For Eisenhower’s reaction, I turned to A Matter of Justice. Also, Erwin Knoll, “Desegregation’s Tortuous Course: Washington: Showcase of Integration,” Commentary (March 1959).

To write the section on Clinton High School, I used “With an Even Hand: Brown v. Board at Fifty,” Library of Congress and Carroll Van West, “Clinton Desegregation Crisis,” Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, (December 25, 2009).

To write about Ruby Bridges’s experiences, I used her website and her book, Through My Eyes (New York: Scholastic Press, 1999). I also used an Associated Press report by Rick Callahan, “Ruby Bridges Meets with Marshal who Escorted Her,” Indianapolis Star Tribune (September 5, 2013).

For the section about Dorothy Counts, I used “Where Are They Now? Dorothy Counts,” Charlotte Magazine (August 2010).

For the section on the Little Rock Nine, I used “With an Even Hand: Brown v. Board at Fifty,” Library of Congress. For Virginia’s being one of seven states, see “The Segregation Dike Is Broken,” Business Week (February 7, 1959) and “With an Even Hand: Brown v. Board at Fifty.”

For black children across the country attending integrated schools, see “American President: A Reference Resource: Dwight David Eisenhower,” Domestic Affairs, The Miller Center, University of Virginia (http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/4).

To write about Rosa Parks, I turned to Eyes on the Prize.

To write about the sit-ins, I used Eyes on the Prize and Thurgood Marshall. I also used Claude Sitton, “Negro Sitdowns Stir Fear of Wider Unrest in South,” New York Times (February 15, 1960) and Owen Edwards, “Courage at the Greensboro Lunch Counter,” Smithsonian (February 2010). I also interviewed a participant, J. Samuel Williams.

To write about the demonstration coming to Farmville, I used They Closed Their Schools as well as interviews with Williams and Goodwin Douglas.

To write about how Birmingham became a turning point, I used “Program of Action.”

To describe what happened in Birmingham, I used Corky Siemaszko, “Birmingham Erupted into Chaos in 1963 as Battle for Civil Rights Exploded in South,” Daily News [New York] (May 3, 2012) and Foster Hailey, “Dogs and Hoses Repulse Negroes at Birmingham,” New York Times (May 4, 1963).

For the section on the Michigan State researchers, I used “Catching Up in Prince Edward,” Time (August 9, 1963). To describe what happened to the students, I used William J. vanden Heuvel, “Closing Doors, Opening Doors: Fifty Years after the School-Closing in Prince Edward County, Virginia,” The Ambassadors Review (Spring 2009): 38–49.

To describe the AFSC’s involvement, I used Betsy Brinson, “The AFSC and School Desegregation,” Friends Journal (April 2004) and “‘Adopt A Child’ Plan Puts Negro Pupils in School: Quaker Unit Takes 50; Others Go to Kittrell,” Farmville Herald (September 13, 1960).

To describe the arrival of teachers and students to run summer programs, I turned to “Catching Up in Prince Edward” and “Lock Begins to Open,” Ebony (November 1963).

To describe what happened in Danville, I used Tess Taylor, “The Price of Rebellion,” New York Times (June 1, 2013); John R. Crane, “Bloody Monday: History-Changing Day,” News and Advance (June 2, 2013); David Bearinger, “What Is Bloody Monday, and Why Don’t We Know about It?” Parade (August 24, 2013). I also used an August 1963 report by Dorothy Miller documenting the events. The report was published by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (http://www.crmvet.org/docs/danville63.pdf).

To write about the decision to protest in Farmville, I used “Boycotts on an ‘If Necessary’ Basis Organized,” Farmville Herald (December 16, 1960). I also used They Closed Their Schools, “Program of Action,” and “Catching Up in Prince Edward.” I also interviewed Douglas, Williams, and Griffin.

To write about training for the protests, I interviewed Ward Berryman.

To write about the demonstrations and the kneelin, I also interviewed Ward Berryman, Williams, Douglas, Griffin, and Everett Berryman. Peggy Cave provided a description of what the kneelin sounded like inside the church. I also utilized a talk that Ernestine “Tina” Land gave at the Moton Museum. And I interviewed Sunny Pairet about the protests in front of his store.

I reviewed photographs in Virginia Commonwealth University’s digital library collection, Farmville Civil Rights Protests, Protestors on Main Street, July 1963 (http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/far). I also used “Program of Action” and a Farmville Police Department list of those arrested at the kneelin provided by Lee.

I also relied on media reports, including “Protests Threaten Prince Edward Study,” Richmond News Leader (July 29, 1963) and “Catching Up in Prince Edward.” I also used “Farmville, 1963: The Long, Hot Summer,” by Jill Ogline Titus, from The Educational Lockout of African Americans in Prince Edward County and They Closed Their Schools.

CHAPTER 15: TWO STEPS FORWARD, ONE STEP BACK

To write about Eisenhower’s failure to intervene, I used The Educational Lockout of African Americans in Prince Edward County and A Matter of Justice.

To write about the position blacks took in the 1960 presidential campaign, I used “Presidential Candidates Queried on Schools Here,” Farmville Herald (October 25, 1960).

For the percentage of blacks who voted for Kennedy, I used the website for the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.

To write about Kennedy’s denouncement of school closings and attempts to intervene, I used “We Will Move” in The Educational Lockout of African Americans in Prince Edward County and Parting the Waters by Taylor Branch (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988).

To write about Watkins M. Abbitt of Appomattox, “totalitarianism,” and “the naked and arrogant declaration of nine men,” I used Michael Janofsky, “W. M. Abbitt, 90, Lawmaker Who Advocated Segregation,” New York Times (July 15, 1998). For Albertis S. Harrison Jr., see They Closed Their Schools.

To write about the Freedom Riders, I relied on Parting the Waters and Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice by Raymond Arsenault (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). Also useful was “Remembering the Freedom Riders,” New York Times (May 15, 2011).

To write about James Meredith, I used Fred Powledge, “Mississippi Gives Meredith Degree,” New York Times (August 20, 1963). Also useful was the website for the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/olemiss/meredith/).

To write about Kennedy’s frustration with Prince Edward’s closed schools, I used “Education: Back to School,” Newsweek (August 26, 1963).

To write about how Griffin coordinated with other agencies, I used “Program of Action.”

For the section on George Wallace, I used Howell Raines, “George Wallace, Segregation Symbol, Dies at 79,” New York Times (September 14, 1998); Debra Bell, “George Wallace Stood in a Doorway at the University of Alabama 50 Years Ago Today,” U.S. News & World Report (June 11, 2013); “‘Segregation Forever’: A Fiery Pledge Forgiven, but Not Forgotten,” National Public Radio (January 10, 2013).

I also relied on Robert F. Kennedy speeches on the Department of Justice website (http://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches-25). For Kennedy’s special message to Congress, see “Shame of a Nation.” For Kennedy’s urging his brother to accomplish something, see “Classes Again Soon for Prince Edward Negroes,” U.S. News & World Report (August 26, 1963).

For calls to mediate in Farmville, I used “Student-Teachers Pr. Edward ‘Remedy’ Awaits JFK’s Action,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 18, 1963) and “The Educators to Confer with JFK,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (June 19, 1963). I also used a transcript of John F. Kennedy’s “Report to the American People on Civil Rights,” June 11, 1963, from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.

I also used “George Wallace Stood in a Doorway at the University of Alabama 50 Years Ago Today.”

To write about Medgar Evers, I used Ashley Southall, “Paying Tribute to a Seeker of Justice, 50 Years After His Assassination,” New York Times (June 5, 2013) and David Stout, “Byron De La Beckwith Dies; Killer of Medgar Evers Was 80,” New York Times (January 23, 2001).

For the decision to create Free Schools, I relied on “Classes Again Soon for Prince Edward Negroes.” I also used “Program of Action.”

For the March on Washington, I interviewed Griffin and Ward Berryman. See also Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have A Dream Speech,” National Archives (http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/mlk_speech).

For the Free Schools and information about its leader, I used Bound for Freedom: An Educator’s Adventures in Prince Edward County, Virginia by Neil V. Sullivan (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965). I also used Elaine Woo, “Neil Sullivan, 90, Led Fight to Desegregate Schools in Virginia, Boston, Berkeley,” Los Angeles Times (August 14, 2005) and “Neil V. Sullivan Dies at 90; Helped Integrate Schools,” New York Times (August 12, 2005). I used “Dickie’s Decision,” Time (September 27, 1963); “When School Bells Ring After 4 Years’ Silence”; vanden Huevel’s “Closing Doors, Opening Doors.”

To write about the Birmingham church bombings, see Claude Sitton, “Birmingham Bomb Kills 4 Negro Girls In Church,” New York Times (September 16, 1963) and Tanya Ott, “Long Forgotten, 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing Survivor Speaks Out,” National Public Radio (January 25, 2013). Also useful was Tim Padgett and Frank Sikora, “The Legacy of Virgil Ware,” Time (September 22, 2003).

To write about the schools’ reopening, I used Bound for Freedom. I also used “When School Bells Ring After 4 Years’ Silence” and “Dickie’s Decision.” Also useful was Henry McLaughlin, “At Least One White Student Will Attend New Free School,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (August 15, 1963).

I also interviewed the former students McCarthy Eanes, Dickie Moss, Griffin, and Ward Berryman. I spoke with George Abernathy at the Moton Museum, where he gave a talk. I also met Betty Lewis and Thomas Lewis at a Free Schools anniversary event at the Moton Museum.